Modernism in Two Poems by Marianne Moore

Introductionâ€Å"The most serious poetry today is still modernist. Modernism in literature is not easily  summarized, but the key elements are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism, and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects† (Wills 24). To some extent, Marianne Moore's poems The Fish and A Grave really follow the discussed modernist principles, but it is difficult to agree that Moore completely denies emotiveness and replaces it with modernist cerebral attributes. As a result, it is possible to assume that The Fish and A Grave are the two examples of non-traditional modernist writing, in which experimentation, realism, and individualism are combined with unusual writing techniques, complicated poem structure, and extreme emotiveness.To start with, The Fish and A Grave display vivid similarities in the tone of writing, and the use of similar images. â€Å"The barnacles which encrust the side of the wave† in The Fish are evidently similar and are almost parallel to â€Å"the blades of the oars / moving together like the feet of water-spiders† in A Grave: the unpleasant and almost tragic character of water in both poems is critical to understanding the modernist implications of both poetic works. However, in order to completely realize the scope and meaning of Moore's modernist verses, we should analyze each poem separately.â€Å"Repeated / evidence has proved that it can live / on what cannot revive / its youth. The sea grows old in it† (Moore 32). This is where we face the complicatedness and incomprehension of modernist poetry. What did Moore want to say with this passage? Is it that she imagined nature in its full purposefulness which was not characteristic of traditional classical poetry? It is more probable that a thirty-year-old poet was striving to express her sympathies with the nature, which she persistently viewed as deeply abused.The description of nature's violence, its wholeness, the sea as the sou rce of physical injury and actually a threat to a human life – these are the signs of modernism in Moore's writing. Having depicted nature as the threat of violence, Moore risked causing misinterpretation of the literary and sensual implications in The Fish. For many of those who have read The Fish, violence in poetry may initially seem inappropriate and confusing. Yet this is not a reader's mistake: Moore was really trying to show the nature in its power which bordered on violence against human beings. â€Å"The water drives a wedge / of iron through the iron edge / of the cliff†, and the â€Å"external marks of abuse† (Moore 32) is the combination of nature's violence and the violence against nature; it is the combination of the two incompatible elements, which is the distinguishing feature of poetic modernism.The modernism of The Fish is in that Moore was actually trying to combine the incompatible images, allusions, implications, and ideas. The initially inc ompatible conjunction of accidental and purposeful is another distinguishing feature of modernism in Moore's poem. Criticizing Moore's works, Heuving writes that â€Å"it should not be surprising that ‘the chasm side is dead', but if the chasm side is dead, ravaged as it clearly has been by the force of water it contains, how does it live on the barnacles that adhere to its surface? Why does the sea, clearly the most active and powerful force in this scene, grow old within this teeming shelter?† (29)Moore neither answers these questions, nor provides the reader with a single opportunity to find these answers anywhere else within the poem. The reader finds himself in the slow motion of the undersea world, with which he is hardly familiar, and which seems even more threatening and complicated through Moore's descriptions: â€Å"All / external / marks of abuse are present on this / defiant edifice† (Moore 32).Moore writes her poem in a way to create an image of sini ster beauty of the sea she describes. The rhythm of her poetic lines does not break the smooth and threatening movement of the undersea. The eight stanzas of the poem display the evident and easily noticeable repetition of the consonants, as if waves create a cyclic sound pattern. â€Å"Whereupon the stars, /   pink, / rice-grains, ink-/ bespattered jelly fish, crabs like green / lilies and submarine /   toadstools, slide each on the other† (Moore 32).While the sea is the central image in The Fish, A Grave is the expression of Moore's impossibility to see this sea. Some â€Å"man looking into the sea† seems to close â€Å"the view from those who have as much right to it as / you have it to yourself† (Moore 49). A Grave is frequently interpreted as the expression of Moore's feminism: â€Å"Moore calls attention to two difficulties here: the problem of seeking through a man, including a man's viewpoint, and the related problem of establishing herself as a cen tered speaker when she cannot stand ‘in the middle of this' (Wills 110). However, modernism of A Grave is not in its feminist expressions, but rather in the opacity of its meanings and the confusion of various symbolic implications similar to those in The Fish.Modernism in poetry is invariably linked to difficulties of interpretation, and these interpretation difficulties and ambiguities are evident in both The Fish and A Grave. Moore has been extremely individual in her modernist expressions, and the poetic structure of A Grave again suggests that poetic modernism may and probably should exist in the area of extreme emotions. The sense of crisis makes both poems similarly modernist: the description of nature and its scenes are central to both poems, and it is very probable that Moore seeks resolution of her crisis in those natural sceneries.â€Å"The wrinkles progress among themselves in a phalanx – beautiful / under networks of foam, / and fade breathlessly while the sea rustles in and out of the / seaweed† (Moore 49). The two poems seem to create a single line of nature's threat and power. This â€Å"violent† line of nature is developed in The Fish, where Moore emphasizes the threat of nature towards a man; this line of nature's abuse reaches its climax in A Grave, where Moore asserts that â€Å"the sea has nothing to give but a well excavated grave† (Moore 49).The rhythm of Moore's A Grave is another display of modernism in her poetry. Moore seems to treat her rhythms and stanzas with almost painful desire to keep the rhyme. The reader is frequently obsessed by an impression that the rhythm of the poem prevails over its meaning. Yet, modernist writings are traditionally characterized by unusual and often difficult rhymes. The combination of complex stanzas with complicated meanings and literary implications makes certain works of modernist writing completely incomprehensible.This is not the case with Marianne Moore. Each l ine makes the rhymes enervated, and creates an unusual combination of the sea's threat and immobility: â€Å"the birds swim through the air at top sped, emitting cat-calls [†¦] and the ocean, under the pulsation of lighthouses and noise of / bell-buoys, / advances as usual, looking as if it wee not that ocean in which / dropped things are bound to sink† (Moore 49). The heavy contrast in this passage creates the impression of a deceptive revelation: one might think that the sea and its threats were unreal and were produced by an ill mind.However, it is a surface feeling: a Man and the sea are real. The word â€Å"consciousness† with which Moore concludes her poem, is the ultimate expression of her position against the described Man and against the sea as the grave for humanity. â€Å"Moore reserves her climactic position for the quality of attentiveness to self and to ‘other' which is her highest aesthetic and moral value, while giving her sea the last word, the last hiss† (Martin 63).ConclusionPoetic modernism was traditionally viewed as the combination of several critical attributes: poetic individualism, self-expression, complicatedness of writing, and emotional indifference. Moore has completely denied these approaches: poetic modernism cannot live without emotions. On the contrary, Moore's modernism in itself stems from the climactic emotions the poet wanted to express and to deliver to her reader. Poetic modernism of Marianne Moore is something more than the self-expression and the description of individualistic regressions. In Moore's hands modernism becomes global, challenging, and almost revolutionary. For many of us the sea and its threats will look as the end of everything, A Grave for humanity; yet, in Moore's vision it is only the beginning of everything that is meaningful to a person.Works CitedHeuving, J. Omissions Are Not Accidents: Gender in the Art of Marianne Moore. Detroit,Wayne State, 1992.Martin, T. Marianne Moore: Subversive Modernist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.Moore, M. â€Å"A Grave†. In M. Moore, Complete Poems, Penguin Classics, 1994, p. 49.Moore. M. â€Å"The Fish†. In M. Moore, Complete Poems, Penguin Classics, 1994, pp. 32.Wills, P. Marianne Moore: Woman and Poet. National Poetry Foundation, Inc., 1990. Modernism In Two Poems By Marianne Moore Marianne Moore was one of the eminent poetesses of the Modern times. An integral contributor to the modern American literature, Moore’s poetry is considered as a linkage between nature and the human world. She alludes to scientific and historical knowledge and tries to evade literary allusions to prevent her from being casted as a stereo-type. Her poems are full of keen observations and generally hold up the images of birds, butterflies, animals, landscapes of England and New York. She is a â€Å"literalist of the imagination† who can â€Å"present for inspection†¦imaginary gardens with real toads in them.†In A Grave, Moore begins with a meditation on the impossibility of seeing the sea, when a â€Å"Man looking into the sea† takes â€Å"the view from those who have as much right to it as you have to it yourself.† Moore calls attention to two difficulties here: the problem of seeing â€Å"through† a man, including a man's viewpoint, and the related problem of establishing herself as a centered speaker when she cannot stand â€Å"in the middle of this.† Moore's depiction of the sea correspondingly emphasizes its opacity over its translucency and its surface activities over its symbolic meanings.While Moore may well have written this poem out of a personal crisis that involved thoughts of suicide, the speaker reminds herself that to seek relief in the sea is not to be mirrored in any improved way or to be freed of her. The speaker works her way out of her crisis by establishing and confronting the actuality or literality of the sea and of death, and her difference from them. The sea interestingly, in Moore's poem is not a reflective object but a grave. Also, it is man’s careful acts, that is, his surface activities that save him and not his self- projections. Men â€Å"lowering nets† unconsciously â€Å"desecrate this grave,† â€Å"as if there were no such thing as death,† the speak er of this poem, conscious of the ultimate meaning of penetrating the depths of the sea, trains her vision to the surface:â€Å"The wrinkles progress among themselves in a phalanx—beautiful under networks of foam  the tortoise-shell scourges about the feet of the cliffs, inmotion beneath them;†The end of the poem marks its intensity. Unlike the exposition, the last lines of the lyric compel us to view the surroundings and not just concentrate on the opacity of the sea surface. A forced consciousness of the meditation on the outer scene is emphasized by the poetess. The sound of birds and bell-buoys make â€Å"noises† which break the ambience of a visual representation of the situation. The poem resolves with its initial perspective of assuming something as what it is not and an intrigue picture of the ocean’s opacity in the concluding lines:â€Å"and the ocean, under the pulsation of lighthouse and noise of  bell buoys,  advances as usual, looking as if it were not that ocean in  which dropped things are bound to sink—  in which if they turn and twist, it is neither with volition nor  consciousness.†For Moore, in A Grave, meditation on the sea becomes meditation on the limits of human power and human language, and immersion, literal or figurative, threatens dissolution. â€Å"Death† is the central theme of the poem with an under cutting allusion to Moore's own brother’s death. Many critics have tried to see the poem in the light of Moore’s feminist voice. In the poem, as many critics believe, Moore defines the male dominium and tries to break it with her strong and persuasive words. A grave is a place where dead things are put to rest, but Moore's A Grave is a locus of vital and challenging re-vision.The poems of Marianne Moore have arguments, often difficult to follow but always worth the effort. Distrustful of overt emotion, her poems rely on understatement and reserve to create it, a s in the simple What are Years? or the penetrating A Grave. What Are Years? is a stellar lyric which ends by paradoxically equating a bird's joyful song with both mortality and eternity? Both the poems have a dominating â€Å"sea imagery†. The tone of morality in both the poems is unsurpassable. The genesis of these poems can be owed to the World War II. These two poems are typical of Moore’s. These are not meant for the pleasure of reflection.They refuse to be simpler than the world is and make more sense when read again and again until one understands the perspective for which they are written. Moore exploits imagery and visuals from the nature and embeds them in her poems. The linking of morality with a bird in What are Years? is quite similar to the theme of death and survival in A Grave. The poems deal with the strong imagery of the sea-how in one poem it is â€Å"continuing† and in the other, â€Å"the sea is a collector, quick to return a rapacious look. † The imagery of bird or flying is also present in both the poems.This imagery is evident to prove the aspiration of the speaker to be free and boundless. In both the poems, Moore indicates the sea’s power to erode and destroy; strongly alluded in A Grave and subtly done in What are Years. A deep penetration of this concept might find it’s parallel to the society and humanity- the dominium of man over everything and his struggle to free himself. This idea or concept might be traced to the World War aftermath. The vulnerability of the society and the deterioration was enough to evoke the modernist flame inside Moore to conceptualize the social, political and economical conditions into a poetic expression.Many American poets see Moore as one of the monuments of modernism, up there with Robert Frost and Wallace Stevens. Vision and viewpoint, an integral quality of modernist poets is present in the poems of Moore as well. She once wrote that poems were â€Å"imagina ry gardens with real toads in them.† Her poems are conversational, yet elaborate and subtle in their syllabic versification, drawing upon extremely precise description and historical and scientific fact. A â€Å"poet's poet,† she influenced such later poets as her young friend Elizabeth Bishop. A Grave â€Å"offered Bishop, as it offers us, an example of how a woman well-versed in the literary tradition, rather than capitulating to the convention of female silence, can wield that tradition and write her own eloquent verses.†To conclude, in the words of eminent literary critic, Jeredith Merrin, â€Å"Her ocean/grave represents death, humanity's common enemy, and yet her sea as re-former of inherited poetic patterns acts too as Nature's and Woman's ally. The heavy sibilance throughout Moore's poem (in all versions) reminds us of Satan, of the serpentine and treacherous ladies of Romantic poetry, of the actual foaming ocean that advances and retreats over the shing le of land, and of mortality which menaces and circumscribes our lives.But with her insistent sound-play–e.g., â€Å"you cannot stand in the middle of this†; â€Å"repression. . . is not the most obvious characteristic of the sea†; â€Å"their bones have not lasted†Ã¢â‚¬â€œMoore also hisses back at Man, and at the arrogant male poet in particular, who arrogates to himself dominion, who is always trying â€Å"to stand in the middle of a thing.† By choosing to conclude her poem with the word â€Å"consciousness,† Moore reserves that climactic position for the quality of attentiveness to self and to â€Å"other† which is her highest aesthetic and moral value, while giving her sea (as retributive force) the last word, the last hiss.†ReferencesMarianne Moorehttp://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/96On Marianne Moore's Life and Career http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/moore/life.htmMarianne (Craig) Moore (1887-1972) http://www.k irjasto.sci.fi/mmoor.htmTHE POEMS OF MARIANNE MOORE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DE1F3FF937A35752C0A9629C8B63 The Collected Essays and Criticism -By Clement Greenberg, Johnhttp://books.google.com/books?id=N5yfxzOr4j8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22what+are+years%22&source=web&ots=8EvqzAyM3v&sig=pchzURGxqaSTHBL3I-kmOagGf-g#PPA85,M1

Ebola Internet Scavenger Hunt Essay

Then click on the menu button Ebola Hemorragic Fever Distribution Map Where do most of the Ebola outbreaks seem to occur? Most seem to occur in the Congo and Uganda. Now go back to the first page and click on Information on Ebola hemorrhagic fever Read through this fact sheet. What did you find interesting about Ebola? I found it interesting that Ebola has no carrier stat and because of the natural reservoir of the virus is unknown, the manner in which it first appears in a human at the start of an outbreak has not been determined! On the first page again, click on the menu Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the For Travelers section. What are some of the modes of transmission that are discussed? Some modes of transportation are On the first page again, click on the menu History of Ebola Outbreaks in Outbreak notices. Where and when were the most recent outbreaks? The most recent outbreak was in Uganda in May of 2011. How many people were affected? 1 person was affected. On the first page again, click on Info for Airline Personnel in the Prevention Information section. Read through this. What is the potential for airline workers, TSA screeners and passengers? It has the potential for person to person spread. Transmissions to humans may occur through direct contact with blood or body fluids. We are all familiar with the TSA pat down and screening procedures. It has been reported that TSA screeners do not often change gloves between pat downs unless the passenger specifically requests them to do so. What is the threat to passengers if screeners do not use good sanitary practices when screening passengers and luggage? What about other diseases like smallpox, MRSA, influenza, bird flu, and other deadly and potentially viruses and diseases? The threat to passengers to is very high and at a greater risk as well as other diseases. It best to ask the TSA screeners to obtain new gloves and wash hands when being screened. They should be switched from person to person but that does not happed everytime.

According to alderman

According to alderman Based on Alderman (1999), determination could be affected by home-notion (Zimmerman, 2000). Home-notion may ruin oneis determination to complete confirmed task-based around the perception the capability to do the job is missing; or even the determination is suppressed due to the perception the job lacks difficult elements (Alderman, 1999; Bandura, 1997; Calder Staw, 1975). Study suggests that pupils understand themselves as more, the more demanding the objectives they follow is likely to be (Zimmerman, Bandura Martinez-Pons, 1992). Based on Zimmerman (2000), study in the past 2 decades has uncovered that self efficacy is just a very effective predictor of the pupilis determination and understanding. Selfefficacy is just a performance-centered measure of the observed capability and so varies theoretically from motivational constructs for example result objectives or selfconcept (Zimmerman, 2000). Often, the conditions self-efficacy self and principle are misunderstood to truly have the meaning. Self efficacy relates to oneis observed capabilities to complete a particular job; while, self idea approved critiques from household or friends and is just a composite take a look at yourself thought to have now been shaped from one's encounters. Selfconcept and selfefficacy might equally be properly used away from framework of understanding (Bandura, 1997; Zimmerman, 2000). The part self efficacy performs in oneis determination and attitude toward language-learning is definitely an essential one having impact on oneis efficiency (Bandura, 1997; Drnyei, 2001a; Ehrman, 1996). While taking a look at language-learning several students experience they've to become risk takers since their home is put to do. Individuals with low-self-effectiveness understand duties of trouble as risks; these are people who live on the deficiencies and remember the hurdles they experience when seeking difficult duties (Nrnyei, 2001a). Grounds is for linking the idea of self efficacy using the determination to understand one more language. For pupils in order to concentrate about the job of understanding with almost all their might and dedication, they have to possess a healthful view of themselves as students (Nrnyei, 2001). Though previous achievements coupled with additional common measures of the capability are thought exceptional predictors of accomplishment, (Zimmerman, 2000) many reports claim that self efficacy values increase the predictability of those steps. One research that is such was that of pupils' home-tracking. The results directed towards the proven fact that the effective pupils were prolonged and supervised their working-time better. The research also suggested the more effective pupils to become greater at fixing issues than inefficacious pupils of equivalent understanding (Zimmerman, 2000). Zimmerman Bandura (1994) did a route analytic research for publishing and unearthed that selfefficacy for publishing was a substantial predictor of university students' requirements for that quality of publishing calculated as self-enjoyable. The self efficacy values additionally inspired the pupils' utilization of learning methods. Based on Zimmerman Martinez- Pons (1992), there is a considerable connection between efficiency values and technique use over the quality levels being analyzed. "the higher self and the determination -regulation in pupils having a large selfefficacy " of understanding...the larger the educational accomplishment based on a variety of steps." (2000, Zimmerman, p. 88) Another research Zimmerman (2000) records demonstrates a finding of a general impact measurement of.38 which this suggests that self efficacy is the reason roughly 14% of the difference in pupils' educational result across numerous models of pupil examples and criterion methods. In regards to the ramifications of observed self efficacy on determination, study indicates that it affects the studentis ability order by growing persistence (Schunk, 1981; 2003; Zimmerman, 2000). Observably, self efficacy performs a role in educational success, determination and determination. The results indicate proof of the credibility of self efficacy values as well as their impact on the pupilis approach to understanding and inspirational procedure (Zimmerman, 2000).

Travel Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Travel Trade - Essay Example The confidential information regarding his profession is also exposed. Though several technological steps have already been taken to track the lost device but future can only say how far such technological adoptions have been effective. The domain of data security mainly focuses over protection of data both at the personal and professional arena. On one hand the information technology boom has contributed in a great way by helping an individual receive access to the required data, but there is also a high chance that utilization of such information will happen in a wrong manner. Both for law makers as well as administrators, it is becoming increasingly tough to put a stop over the ongoing process of data exploitation. While reflecting over the pervasiveness of such breach of data security, American Bar Association has reflected, â€Å"Every week brings another headline decrying the latest large scale data compromise. Payment card accounts, social security numbers, and even medical records, all are fundamental building blocks used by malicious hackers to facilitate identity and financial fraud.† (American Bar Association, 2008, p.1) However, as the modern organizations have become conscious about incidents of such unwanted intrusions in their database, those also have come up with different defense mechanisms. Though such steps have not been able to stop the incidents of data exploitation entirely, they have made the task a lot tougher for the hackers. Execution of such task becomes easy for them if they avail access to the confidential information through such lost or stolen devices while a person is traveling. Thus, the travel tourism industry is facing one of the major challenges regarding security of a traveler in the way of facilitating data security. The greatest barriers before tourism industry to provide complete data security to the travelers are the casual approach towards protecting their personal information and lack of enough care

Alevel chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alevel chemistry - Essay Example The forward reaction (the production of ammonia) is exothermic. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, this will be favored if you lower the temperature. The system will respond by moving the position of equilibrium to counteract this - in other words by producing more heat. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, you need as low a temperature as possible. The lower the temperature you use, the slower the reaction becomes. A manufacturer is trying to produce as much ammonia as possible per day. It makes no sense to try to achieve an equilibrium mixture which contains a very high proportion of ammonia if it takes several years for the reaction to reach that equilibrium. You need the gases to reach equilibrium within the very short time that they will be in contact with the catalyst in the reactor. Therefore 400 - 450C is a compromise temperature producing a reasonably high proportion of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture (even if it is only 15%), but in a very short time. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, if you increase the pressure the system will respond by favoring the reaction which produces fewer molecules. That will cause the pressure to fall again. In order to get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, you need as high a pressure as possible. 200 atmospheres is a high pressure. Increasing the pressure brings the molecules closer together. In this particular instance, it will increase their chances of hitting and sticking to the surface of the catalyst where they can react. The higher the pressure the better in terms of the rate of a gas reaction. 200 atmospheres is a compromise pressure chosen on economic grounds. If the pressure used is too high, the cost of generating it exceeds the price you can get for the extra ammonia produced. Catalyst: It is explained below. Q4. Catalyst (with theory about its mechanism) The catalyst has no affect whatsoever on the position of the equilibrium. Adding a catalyst doesn't produce any greater percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. Its only function is to speed up the reaction. In the

Cultural pluralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cultural pluralism - Essay Example Wade thinks al-Qaeda forms due to rich as well as poor differences. For example, the leader Osama may be rich but fellow al-Qaeda may not be. The culture of America is much modernized, but for most uncivilized people especially from Africa, some of the things seem to mean as they view from televisions’ programs. They conclude that that’s how the American people. Another example is where the people in the Middle East believe America’s values are questionable. Carmel Abdul Nasser had a dream of a Pan-Arabic country that was westernized. Corruption, however, led to its failure (Wade, p248).A lot of people are removed from a certain type of past and usually put in the future which is unclear. In development circumstances for example, when the expectancy of life is raised then mortality of infants reduces. It is not clear, however, what happens to these children as they turn into young adults or thereafter leading to low leaving standards. In Kenya, most youths after getting some literacy end up unemployed and thus dwell in slums in Nairobi and some hate their ancestral lifestyles. Throughout the world, people forget the old and traditions but the fact is that they have to struggle to survive. According to anthropology, people and cultures that are under stress bring forth ideologies which are strange or weird and unexpected.A sociologist from Harvard Daniel Bell wrote that the state of the nation is too small compared to the world’s big problems yet too big for the world’s small problems.... They conclude that that’s how the American people. Another example is where the people in the Middle East believe America’s values are questionable. Carmel Abdul Nasser had a dream of a Pan-Arabic country that was westernized. Corruption however, led to its failure (Wade, p248). A lot of people are removed from a certain type of past and usually put in a future which is unclear. In development circumstances for example, when the expectancy of life is raised then mortality of infants reduces. It is not clear however, what happens to these children as they turn into young adults or thereafter leading to low leaving standards. In Kenya, most youths after getting some literacy end up unemployed and thus dwell in slums in Nairobi and some hate their ancestral lifestyles. Throughout the world, people forget the old and traditions but the fact is that they have to struggle to survive. According to anthropology, people and cultures that are under stress bring forth ideologies w hich are strange or weird and unexpected. For example, the case of Boxers of China who beheaded and murdered missionaries and displayed these heads as well (Wade, p249). Wade on page 250 also says al-Qaeda does not have full Muslim faith and so is partly Muslim, partly not. A sociologist from Harvard Daniel Bell wrote that the state of the nation is too small compared to the world’s big problems yet too big for the world’s small problems. Modernization has led to changing in the cultures; even languages are not taught to the children. He also thinks that the past may end up defining the future and its culture. He gives the example of Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination that took place in 1914. This incidence may turn out to define the fate of two

Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Scholarship - Essay Example erefore my family and I would benefit from a scholarship as it would free my parents of additional concerns and financial responsibilities, making it easier for them to assist me with the maintenance of my car, while I focus on my education. JP appears to be a very respectful, mature and thoughtful teenager who wants to reduce his parent’s burdens and wants to please them by taking responsibility for his car and his own education. JP also demonstrates a keen appreciation for the potential for failure by identifying the key obstacles to success. The obstacles are financial difficulties, peer pressure and the conflicts these factors have with pursuing an education and maintaining a car. JP has demonstrated a willingness to work to reduce his parent’s financial burden, but recognizes the difficulties working has on his pursuit of an education. A scholarship would certainly reduce the parents’ financial burdens and help them to allocate funds to assist JP with the expenses involved in maintaining a car leaving JP free to focus on an education. My mother abandoned me to pursue an education when I was just 2 months. My father was not the best alternative as he was in and out of jail and abused and neglected me. As a result I spent the greater part of my life in the custody of Child Protective Services. Despite these hardships, I managed to remain in school. I am currently a junior at John F. Kennedy High School and I give my full attention to my school work. I am currently living with my grandparents who do their best to assist me despite the fact that my grandfather is disabled and their combined income is meager. I have thought about getting a job to help out, but realize that it would interfere with my education and limit engagement in extra-curricular activities. Therefore a scholarship would relieve my grandparents of the financial burden of helping me out with school supplies and would relieve me of the burden of having to find work, freeing me to

The international business environment is shaped by a wide variety of Essay

The international business environment is shaped by a wide variety of Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural and Technological ('PE - Essay Example The internationalization of businesses is normally shaped by macro-environmental factors which impacts hugely on their operations. Therefore, it is advisable for managers to ensure that a thorough analysis is conducted on the macro-environmental factors before making a move to go global. The macro-environmental factors that shape the international business environment include political, economical, social, legal, and technological factors (Blythe 2006, p.21). These factors must be considered because failure to do so might lead to sub-optimization of the strategies and resources invested by the company. This paper will examine how the political, economical, socio-cultural, and technological factors shape up the international business environment. Political/legal factors Political factors that shape a company’s internalization strategy include laws, groups and agencies that impact and limit individuals and organizations in society (Viswanathan and Dickson 2006, p.26). The areas that must be evaluated by managers include the attitude of the government toward foreign businesses, political stability, government bureaucracy as well as the financial policies of the country in which the company wants to establish its operations. The legal and political forces are very crucial and need to be considered by any manager because they cover several aspects of policies adopted by a company. For instance, the policies adopted by the government affects the entire industry through its regulatory bodies such as Trade and Industry Departments and Environmental Departments (Morrison 2009, p.16). These bodies affect the industry in which the company operates through their policies on trade and standards and restriction within their areas of controls. Policies developed by these bodies can affect businesses in a number of ways including the products produced, sold, or promoted by a company. It is very important for multinational companies to acknowledge the fact that political backgrounds differs from one country to another. For instance, the political environment of the U.K. may be quite different from that of China. This implies that a multinational company in the U.K. wishing to set businesses in China must first be conversant with the political and legal issues in China before making any move set business in the new environment. Morrison (2009) notes that a majority of economies that were formerly centrally planned still receive protection from their governments. This implies that a move to have a joint venture can easily be accepted in such economies. At the same time, it is reported that legal implications pertaining to the marketing of a product globally is very complex (Daniels and Radebaugh 1998, p.51). This is because every country has its legal system which implies that global companies must adhere to such legal systems in order not to find themselves on the wrong side of the law. McDonald’s is one of the most famous Americas fast food restaurants with an international presence in several countries such as the U.K., Japan and Russia, just to name but a few. However, reports indicate that McDonald’s was hugely affected by a legal challenges in Russia in 1993 when a law was passed in Russia compelling all stores (both local and international) to have Russian names. The same law,

Existentialism and Humanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Existentialism and Humanism - Essay Example This is what will be discussed in the following. Existentialism is basically a type of philosophical movement which tends to embrace the view that focuses on that of individual existence and subjectivity, and although it generally refers to the belief that one shapes in regards to one's basic nature and the way that they choose to live throughout their life, at the same time it captures much more than that. In part being a reaction to such names as Hegel and Nietzsche, it is a belief which considers that you are the one who is able to determine yourself, and that your personality and your own self is not given to you at birth, but rather it is given after you make decisions and thoughts and gain your personality. Humanism, on the other hand, is considered as being "a rational philosophy based on belief in the dignity of human beings, informed by science and motivated by human hope and human compassion. Humanists revere the natural world, knowing of no other place to set good examples, to work, and to show love". (Dorrell, 2002). P eople who are humanists are considered as being those who encourage moral excellence, have faith in other people to choose good over evil, promote positive relationships and human dignity, and who believe that moral values are neither divinely revealed nor that the special property in regards to any type of religious tradition. Basically existentialism and humanism have for the most forever been considered as being two separate and in fact almost opposite issues in a way, however there is one person in particular, of which we will be discussing critically in this dissertation, who believes in fact that 'existentialism is humanism'. This person is Jean-Paul Sartre, and Sartre, (June 21, 1905 - April 15, 1980), was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. He was one of the most noted and leading figures in all of 20th century French philosophy, and the opinions that he made over his life, especially that in regards to existentialism and humanism being one in the same, have been argued against or agreed with by some of the most influential people in the world's history since his day. When Sartre was a junior lecturer at the Lycee du Havre in the year 1938, it was then that he wrote the novel entitled La Nausee, which even to this day remains as being one of his most popular books of all, and it has been considered by many that this particular literary work of his was one which in ways served as a sort of manifesto of existentialism. He shows in this book how he believed that "our ideas are the product of experiences of real-life situations, and that novels and plays describing such fundamental experiences have as much value as do discursive essays for the elaboration oh philosophical theories". (Wikipedia, 2007). Beginning from there, Sartre began to become even stronger in regards to his view on how existentialism is humanism, and he began to use Edmund Husserl as a sort of backing man, in

Company law. How to raise funds from public Essay

Company law. How to raise funds from public - Essay Example Transferability of shares in the stock exchange. Stocks and shares of a public limited company can be easily traded in the stock exchange and can be converted into cash on the fair market value of shares. Unlimited numbers of members. There are no restrictions on the number of members for a public limited company. Ease in borrowing funds from banks and financial institutions. Due to its better-understood corporate form and credibility of financial disclosures, banks and financial institutions can offer funds rather easily than a private limited company. The disadvantages regarding opening of a public company are enlisted below Non restriction in transference of shares. Due to non restriction in transference of shares, it is easy for people to interfere into the management by purchasing shares. Much more legal formalities and compliance of laws regarding decisions. Business cannot be commenced prior to certain legal formalities. Much more paperwork and recording requirements are observed. On conversion of a public limited company into private limited company, much legal formalities are involved. The accounts of a public limited company should be published and dispatched to the shareholders at their registered addresses. Question: What are the roles of director and duty of care of director Answer 2: Duties of care and skill In contrast with the extensive duties of good faith, which largely restrict certain acts conflicting with the director's duty to his company, a director has duties of care and skill which are positive side to promote the welfare of the company. (Charles worth, Morse (1998) (a) The test of skill The traditional test has been...It may be more difficult to raise capital for a private limited company, as investors may be more comfortable investing funds in the better-understood corporate form with a view toward an eventual initial public offering. Raising funds from public by means of issuance of share capital. It is much easier for a public company to raise its capital than a private limited company, since investors are more comfortable in investing funds in the better-understood corporate form with a view towards an eventual initial public offering. Transferability of shares in the stock exchange. Stocks and shares of a public limited company can be easily traded in the stock exchange and can be converted into cash on the fair market value of shares. Ease in borrowing funds from banks and financial institutions. Due to its better-understood corporate form and credibility of financial disclosures, banks and financial institutions can offer funds rather easily than a private limited company. In contrast with the extensive duties of good faith, which largely restrict certain acts conflicting with the director's duty to his company, a director has duties of care and skill which are positive side to promote the welfare of the company. (Charles worth, Morse (1998) The traditional test has been that a director need not display in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience.

Our dreams Essay Example for Free

Our dreams Essay It is our constant pursuit to fulfill our dreams that captivates us to seek education and learning. We use this as instruments to satisfy the needed competencies to become capable in the responsibilities and roles our target profession may entail. Despite the occurrence of hindrances and obstacles along the way, each one must use this as an instrument to gain advantage and benefit from the process. This mindset together with the passion to learn has provided me the opportunity to apply for a degree in civil engineering at University of Massachusetts in Boston. At such a young age, I had always been fascinated in the way construction has helped man. These structures have constantly helped each one make their work easier by paving the way for access to roads and the creation of buildings to support both business and industrial objectives. Through this realization, I began to understand its relevance in society and clamored to learn the techniques and skills associated with engineering. This objective allowed me to find ways to enhance my current capabilities to fulfill this goal. As I took my education, I began to understand the relevance of gaining competency in my mathematics subjects as a foundation and preparation for my chosen profession. That is why I took extra effort in understanding and comprehending the subject. Though this may seem to be the case, I did not also look down or gave less priority on my other courses because I wanted to become a balanced student; eager and capable to withstand the challenges of academic life. Through this, I was able to benefit more in my high school education and further realize that my passion can be fulfilled. During my application to college, I had the privilege to go to Germany to seek education. However, I was not able to finish it due to some setbacks that I cannot prevent. However, this experience opened up my eyes to the realities in life. I must continuously struggle and work hard to achieve my dreams. I must be able to maintain my focus and target despite the obstacles that may come in the process. With my return in the United States, I spent 1 year with a host family and was tasked to take care of 3 boys in the process. By allowing myself to be in this position, I gained competence in organizational culture as I became acquainted and learned to communicate effectively with other people. I see this as an important stepping stone in my future career because it can allow me to gain my target clients together with the skills that I may learn during study. At the same time, during my travels in Las Vegas, I was fascinated in the construction present in the region. Due to these activities, I came to appreciate the relevance and roles of an engineer in these structures. I saw it entails a lot of collaboration, planning and effective implementation for these to become a reality. At the same time, it should adhere to specific standards and rules provided by each state. These experiences enticed me further to seek education, harness my skills as a potential engineer and create my own company that can make a difference to society which I believe that UMASS in Boston can give me. With all of these mentioned, I deem that the admissions committee consider my application and help me become trained and educated in my chosen profession. I feel that I had shown sufficient effort and dedication towards my craft. However, I feel that for these two tenets to be supplemented there must be a formal way wherein this can be actively facilitated. By allowing me to experience the education within the UMASS framework, I feel that I can actively become competent and recognize my dream of becoming an engineer in the future; a career that can help me realize my potential and contribute towards the improvement of my field and society.

Dissolved Oxygen Essay Example for Free

Dissolved Oxygen Essay Oxygen in Liquids (DISSOLVED OXYGEN) Dissolved Oxygen – the amount of dissolved oxygen in a body of water as an indication of the degree of the health of water and its ability to support a balanced aquatic ecosystem. Oxygen – is a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that dissolves in water. Small but important amounts of it are dissolved in water. OXYGEN: Aquatic Life Depends on it Plants and Animals depend on dissolved oxygen for survival. Lack of dissolved oxygen can cause aquatic animals to leave quickly they are or face death. Factors Affecting Oxygen Levels Temperature Rate of Photosynthesis Degree of Light Penetration (turbidity water depth) Degree of Water Turbulence or Wave action The amount of oxygen used by respiration and decay of organic matter Oxygen in the Balance Dissolved Oxygen levels that are at 90% and 110% saturation level or higher consistently considered healthy or good. If the Dissolved Oxygen are below 90%, there may be large amounts of oxygen demanding materials. What Is Dissolved Oxygen In Water? Dissolved oxygen in water is vital for underwater life. It is what aquatic creatures need to breathe. Why Is Dissolved Oxygen Important? Just as we need air to breathe, aquatic organisms need dissolved oxygen to respire. It is necessary for the survival of fish, invertebrates, bacteria, and underwater plants. How Is Dissolved Oxygen Measured? Dissolved oxygen concentration can be reported as milligrams per liter, parts per million, or as percent air saturation. Polarographic Cell It is very similar to the galvanic cell. However, the polarographic cell has two noble-metal electrodes and requires a polarizing voltage to reduce the oxygen. The dissolved oxygen in the sample diffuses through the membrane into the electrolyte, which usually is an aqueous KC1 solution. If there is a constant polarizing voltage (usually 0.8 V) across the electrodes, the oxygen is reduced at the cathode, and the resulting current How is proportional to the oxygen content of the electrolyte. This current flow is detected as an indication of oxygen content. Galvanic Cell All galvanic cells consist of an electrolyte and two electrodes (Figure 8.43c). The oxygen content of the electrolyte is equalized with that of the sample. The reaction is spontaneous; no external voltage is applied. In this reaction, the cathode reduces the oxygen into hydroxide, thus releasing four electrons for each molecule of oxygen. These electrons cause a current flow through the electrolyte.. The magnitude of the current flow is in proportion to the oxygen concentration in the electrolyte. Flow through Cells In the flow-through cells, the process sample stream is bubbled through the electrolyte. The oxygen concentration of the electrolyte is therefore in equilibrium with the samples oxygen content, and the resulting ion current between the electrodes is representative of this concentration. These types of cells are usually provided with sampling consisting of (but not limited to) filtering and scrubbing components and flow, pressure, and temperature regulators. Thallium Cell Thallium cells are somewhat unique in their operating principle and cannot be classified into the category of either galvanic or polarographic cells. At the same time, they are of the electrochemical type. One thallium-electrode cell design is somewhat similar in appearance to the unit illustrated on Figure 8.43c except that it has no membrane or electrolyte. This cell has a thallium outer-ring electrode and an inner reference electrode. When oxygen contacts the thallium, the potential developed by the cell is a function of  the thallous ion concentration at the face of the electrode, and the ion concentration is in proportion to the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Fluorescence-based Sensor In this case, a compound containing ruthenium is immobilized in a gas-permeable matrix called a sol-gel. Sol-gels are very low-density, silica-based matrices suitable for immobilizing chemical compounds such as the ruthenium compound used in this measurement technique. Effectively, the sol-gel is equivalent to the membrane in a conventional DO sensor. Using fiber optics, light from a light-emitting diode is transferred to the backside of the sol-gel coating. The emitted fluorescence is collected from the backside of the sol-gel with another optical fiber and its intensity is detected by photodiode. A simplified sensor design is shown in Figure 8.43g. If no oxygen is present, the intensity of the emitted light will be at its maximum value. If oxygen is present, the fluorescence will be quenched, and the emitted intensity will decrease. Twinkler Titration The Winkler Method is a technique used to measure dissolved oxygen in freshwater systems. Dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of the health of a water body, where higher dissolved oxygen concentrations are correlated with high productivity and little pollution. Temperature Effects Pressure Effects Salinity Effects Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure for the quantity of oxygen required for the biodegradation of organic matter (carbonaceous demand) in water.It can also indicate the amount of oxygen used to oxidise reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand), unless their oxidation is prevented by an inhibitor. A test is used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by these organisms during a specified period of time (usually 5 days at 20 ÌŠÌŠÌŠÌŠC). Classification: BOD is devided in two parts which is Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand and the Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand. Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing carbohydrate material. Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing nitrogenous materials. Relationship of DO and BOD If the Dissolve Oxygen (DO) of a water is high, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)is low. If the BOD of the water is hight, the DO is low.Therefore DO and BOD is inversely Proportional to each other. Why we should need to know BOD? BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers and streams. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. This means less oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The consequences of high BOD are the same as those for low dissolved oxygen: aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die. Knowledge of oxygen utilization of a polluted water supply is important because: 1. It is the measure of the pollution load, relative to oxygen utilization by other life in the water; 2. It is the means for predicting progress of aerobic decomposition and the amount of self-purification taking place; 3. It is the measure of the oxygen demand load removal efficiency by different treatment process. Factors that contributes to variations in BOD The Seed Is the bacterial culture that affects the oxidation of materials in the sample. If the biological seed is not acclimated to the particular wastewater, erroneous results are frequently obtained. pH The BOD results are also greatly affected by the pH of the sample, especially if it is lower than 6.5 or higher than 8.3. In order to achieve uniform conditions, the sample should be buffered to a pH of about 7. Temperature Standard test condition calls for a temperature of 20 ÌŠC (68 ÌŠF). field tests often require operation at other temperatures and, consequently, the results tend to vary unless temperature corrections are applied. Toxicity The presence of toxic materials may result increase in the BOD value as a specific sample is dilluted for the BOD test.Consistent value may be obtained either by removing the toxic materials from the sample or By developing a seed that is compatible with the toxic material in the sample. Incubation Time The usual standard lab test incubation time is 5 days, results may occur at a flat part or occur at a steeply rising portion.Depending on the type of seed and the type of oxidable material, divergent result can be expected. Nitrification In the usual course BOD test, the oxygen consumption rises steeply at the beginning of the test owing to attack on carbohydrate materials. Another sharp increase in oxygen utilization occurs sometime during 10th to 15th day in those samples containing nitrogenous materials. How we determine or measure BOD? Five-Day BOD Procedure The BOD test takes 5 days to complete and is performed using a dissolved oxygen test kit. The BOD level is determined by comparing the DO level of a water sample taken immediately with the DO level of a water sample that has been incubated in a dark location for 5 days. The difference between the two DO levels represents the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of any organic material in the sample and is a good approximation of the BOD level. Test procedures: 1. Take 2 samples of water 2. Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately using the method described in the dissolved oxygen test. 3. Place the second water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20oC for 5days. If you dont have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20 ÌŠC or 68  °F). 4. After 5 days, take another dissolved oxygen reading (ppm) using the dissolved oxygen test kit. 5. Subtract the Day 5 reading from the Day 1 reading to determine the BOD level. Record your final BOD result in ppm. Note: Generally, when BOD levels are high, there is a decline in DO levels. This is because the demand for oxygen by the bacteria is high and they are taking that oxygen from the oxygen dissolved in the water. If there is no organic waste present in the water, there wont be as many bacteria present to decompose it and thus the BOD will tend to be lower and the DO level will tend to be higher. At high BOD levels, organisms such as macro  invertebrates that are more tolerant of lower dissolved oxygen may appear and become numerous. Organisms that need higher oxygen levels) will NOT survive. Extended BOD Test Continuation of BOD test beyond 5 days shows a continuing oxygen demand, with a sharp increase in BOD rate at the 10th day owing to nitrification. The latter process involves biological attack on nitrogenous organic material accompanied by an increase in BOD rate. The oxygen demand continues at a uniform rate for an extended time. Manometric BOD Test In the manometric procedure, the seeded sample is confined in a closed system that includes an appreciable amount of air . As the oxygen in the water is depleted, it is replenish by the gas phase. A potassium hydroxide (KOH) absorber within the system removes any gaseous carbon dioxide generated by bacterial action. The oxygen removed from the air phase results in a drop in pressure that is that is removed with a manometer. This fall is then related to the BOD of the sample. Electrolysis System for BOD The measuring principle for all electrolytic respirometers is quite similar. As micro-organisms respire they use oxygen converting the organic carbon in the solution to CO2 gas, which is absorbed to alkali. This causes a reduction in the gas pressure, which can be sensed with various sensors or membranes. A small current is created in electrolysis cell and this generates oxidation/reduction reactions in the electrolysis cell and oxygen is formed at the anode. Electrolysis of water can supply oxygen to a closed system as incubation proceeds . At constant current, the time during which electrolysis generates the oxygen to keep the system pressure constant is a direct measure of the oxygen demand. The amount of oxygen produced by the electrolysis correlates with the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Is the standard method for indirect measurements of the amount of pollution in a sample of water that cannot be oxidized biologically. Is based on the chemical decomposition of organic and inorganic contaminants, dissolved or suspended in water. Why Measure Chemical Oxygen Demand? It is often measured as a rapid indicator for organic pollutant in water. Normally measured in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and gives an indication of the efficiency of the treatment process. It is measured on both influent and effluent water. Standard Dichromate COD Procedure A sample is heated to its boiling point with known amounts of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. The loss of water is minimized by the reflux condenser. After 2 h, the solution is cooled, and the amount of dichromate that reacted with oxidizable material in the water sample is determined by titrating the excess potassium dichromate with ferrous sulfate. Dichromate consumed is calculated as to oxygen equivalent for the sample and stated as milligrams of oxygen per liter of sample (ml/l). Factors preventing the concordance of BOD values to COD values: Many organic materials are oxidizable by dichromate but not biochemically oxidizable, and vice versa. For example, pyridine, benzene, and ammonia are not attacked by the dichromate procedure. A number of inorganic substances such as sulfide, sulfites, thiosulfates, nitrites, and ferrous iron are oxidized by dichromate, creating an inorganic COD that is misleading when estimating the organic content of wastewater. Although the factor of seed acclimation will give erroneously low results on the BOD tests, COD results are not dependent on acclimation. Chlorides interfere with the COD analysis, and their effect must be minimized in order to obtain consistent results. The standard procedure provides for only a limited amount of chlorides in the sample. This is usually accomplished by diluting the sample to achieve a lower chloride concentration and interference. This can be a problem for low COD  concentration samples, as the dilution may dilute the COD concentration below the detection level or to levels at which accuracy and repeatability are poor. COD Detector The term COD usually refers to the laboratory dichromate oxidation procedure, although it has also been applied to other procedures that differ greatly from the dichromate method but which do involve chemical reaction. These methods have been embodied in instruments both for manual operation in the laboratory and for automatic operation online. They have the distinct advantage of reducing analysis time from days (5-day BOD) and hours (dichromate, respirometer) to minutes. Automatic On-Line Designs Takes a 5 cc sample from the flowing process stream. Injects it into the reflux chamber after mixing it together with dilution water (if any) agents. One ozone-based scheme enriches dilution water with and with two reagents: dichromate solution and sulfuric acid. The reagents also contain an oxidation catalyst (silver sulfate) and a chemical that complexes chlorides in the solution (mercuric sulfate). The mixture is boiled at 302 °F (150 °C) by the heater. Vapors are condensed by the cooling water in the reflux condenser. During which the dichromate ions are reduced to trivalent chromic ions, as the oxygen demanding organics are oxidized in the sample. The chromic ions give the solution a green color. The COD concentration is measured by detecting the amount of dichromate converted to chromic ions by measuring the intensity of the green color through a fiber-optic detector. The microprocessor-controlled package is available with automatic zeroing, calibration, and flushing features. Sampling and Traditional Parameter Parameter Limit Value Sampling: pH, Standard Units 6.0 9.0 Traditional Parameters: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ≠¤ 30 ppm Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ≠¤ 200 ppm COD has a large value than BOD because BOD measurement is based only in decomposition of organic matter while COD measures the decomposition of both organic and Inorganic compound. Sources of Error Cause of using nonhomogeneous sample is the largest error. Use of volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes with a large bore. Oxidizing agent must be precisely measured. Make sure that the vials are clean and free of air bubbles. Always read the bottom of the meniscus at eye level. Total Oxygen Demand (TOD) The quantitative measurement of the amount of oxygen used to burn the impurities in a liquid sample. Thus, it is a direct measure of the oxygen demand of the sample. Measurement is by continuous analysis of the concentration of oxygen in a combustion process gas effluent. A quantitative measurement of all oxidizable material in a sample water or wastewater as determined instrumentally by measuring the depletion of oxygen after high-temperature combustion. BOD and COD have long time cycles. COD use corrosive reagents with the inherent problem of disposal. Analysis is faster, approximately 3 min, and uses no liquid reagents in its analysis. Can be correlated to both COD and BOD. Unaffected by the presence of inorganic carbon. Also indicate noncarbonaceous materials that consume or contribute oxygen Since the actual measurement is oxygen consumption. Reflects the oxidation state of the chemical compound. TOD Analyzer The oxidizable components in a liquid sample introduce into the combustion tube are converted to their stable oxides by a reaction that disturbs the oxygen equilibrium in the carrier gas steam. The momentary depletion in the oxygen concentration in the carrier gas is detected by an oxygen detector and recorded as a negative oxygen peak. Sample Valves Sliding Plate Upon a signal from a cycle timer, the air actuator temporarily moves the valve to its â€Å"sample fill† position. At the same time, an air-operated actuator moves a 20-ul sample through the valve into the combustion tube. A stream of oxygen-enriched nitrogen carrier gas moves the slug of sample into the combustion tube. Rotary Sampling Valve A motor continuously rotates a sampling head, which contains a built-in sampling syringe. For part of the time, the tip of the syringe is over a trough that contains the flowing sample. 2 or more cam ramps along the rotational path cause the syringe plunger to rise and fall, thus rinsing the sample chamber. Just before the syringe reaches the combustion tube, it picks up a 20-ul sample. As it rotates over the combustion tube, it discharges the sample. Oxygen Detectors Platinum-lead Fuel Cell Fuel Cell Generates a current in proportion to the oxygen content of the carrier gas passing through it. Before entering the cell, the gas is scrubbed in a potassium hydroxide solution, both to remove acid gases and other harmful combustion products to humidify the gas. The oxygen cell and the scrubber are located in a temperature-controlled compartment. The fuel cell output is monitored and zeroed to provide a constant baseline. The output peaks are linearly proportionate to the reduced concentration of oxygen in the carrier gas as a result of the sample’s TOD. Yttrium-doped Zirconium Oxide Ceramic Tube Coated on both sides with a porous layer of platinum. It is maintained at an elevated temperature and also provides an output that represents the reduction in oxygen concentration in the carrier gas that is a result of the sample’s TOD. The operation of these oxygen detectors involves the ionization of oxygen in both a sample and a known reference gas stream. When the sample and reference gas streams come in contact with the electrode surfaces, oxygen ionizes into O-2 ions. The oxygen ion concentrations in each stream is a function of the partial pressure of oxygen in the stream. The potential at each electrode will depend on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas stream. The electrode with higher potential (higher oxygen concentration) will generate oxygen ions, whereas the electrode with lower potential (lower oxygen concentration) will convert oxygen ions to oxygen molecules. Calibration Analysis is by comparison of peak heights or areas to a standard calibration curve. To prepare this curve, known TOD concentrations of a primary standard (KHP) are prepared in distilled and deionized water. Standard solutions are stable for several weeks at room temperature. Water solutions of other organic compounds can also be used as standards. Several analyses can be made at each calibration concentration, and the resulting data are recorded as parts per million (ppm) TOD vs. peak height or area. Applications: Correlation: Many regulatory agencies recognize as the basis for oxygen-depleting pollution control only BOD or COD (preferably BOD) measurements of pollution load, because they are concerned with the pollution load on receiving waters, which is related to lowering the DO due to bacterial activity. If other methods described are to be used to satisfy legal requirements of pollution load in effluents or to measure BOD removal, it is important to establish a correlation between the other methods and BOD or COD (preferably BOD). Salient Features: a measurement of property of the sample, i.e. the amount of oxygen required for bacterial oxidation of bacterial food in the water, the BOD dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature of the food as well as on its quantity dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature and amount of the bacteria Another extensive study concluded the following: (1) A reliable statistical correlation between BOD and COD of a wastewater and its corresponding TOD can frequently be achieved, particularly when the organic strength is high and the diversity in dissolved organic constituents is low. (2) The relationship is best described by a least squares regression with the degree of fit expressed by the correlation coefficient (3) The observed correspondence of COD-TOD was better than that of COD-BOD for the wastewaters. (4) The BOD-COD ratio of an untreated wastewater is indicative of the biological treatment possible with the particular wastewater. Comparison: COMPARISON BOD COD TOD Definition The oxygen required when a population of bacteria causes the oxidation reaction in a population of bacteria. The oxygen equivalent when the oxidation is carried out with a chemical oxidizing reagent such as potassium dichromate. The oxygen equivalent when oxidation is caused by heating the sample in a furnace in the presence of a catalyst and oxygen. Analyzer Utilize bacteria to oxidize the pollutants Measured through chemical oxidation and catalytic combustion techniques Oxidize the sample in a catalyzed thermal combustion process and detect both the organic and inorganic impurities in a sample Response-Range 5 days 30 mg/L 2 hours 250-500 ppm 3 minutes 100-100,000 mg/L Inaccuracy-Cost 3 – 20% / $500 $20,000 2 – 10% / $8,00 $20,000 2 – 5% / $5,000 $20,000

Leons Theory of Language Development

Leons Theory of Language Development The learning process of language in children is shaped by the social phenomena that the child is immersed in, where these social phenomena be non-verbal or verbal dyadic or polyadic interactions between the child and others. Lourdes De Leons (1998) paper The Emergent Participant: Interactive Patterns in the Socialization of Tzotzil (Mayan) Infants demonstrates how different social activities that a child is immersed in reflect their development of language through the Tzotzil (Mayan) infant community, located in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Leon successfully evidently shows that children are immersed into different social polyadic interactions even before they have learned the language allowing them to develop their own roles that reflect their language skills. The Tzotzil (Mayan) infant communities demonstrate how the children gain knowledge of their language by participating in multiparty interactions (Leà ³n 1998, p.134) where these interactions are verbal or non-verbal. As the child develop knowledge about social identities of other participants, interactive goals of the activity, and how the structure of verbal and non-verbal communication is performed, the children are able occasionally form and assign their own roles in a social phenomenon called the addressee, embedded speaker, side participant, over hearer, and the eavesdropper. Leon proposes that children emerge as social participants (Leà ³n 1998, p.134) further highlighting that even before learning the Tzotzil language, the Mayan children are immersed in the multiparty interactions demonstrating that the roles assigned to the children in polyadic interactions reflect the childs development of language. A childs development in language does not depend on a minimum number of social phenomena that the child is able to participate in but it depends on the dyadic address between the child and the mother.   Dyadic interactions are the childs main source of learning experience for language as the child spends the majority of their time with their mothers eaves dropping conversations. Leons studies of two early Tzotzil (Mayan) infants, named Mal and Mersi, were monitored and were observed to be immersed in dyadic, close bodily interaction (Leà ³n 1998, p.151) with their parents from their birth. At a very young age the infants are mainly assigned with the role of the eaves dropper as the parent is the only speaker in the dyadic interaction. Rhetorical questions and eye level communication are observed to be used by the parent towards the child to achieve conjoint attention and compliance (Leà ³n 1998, p.151). The infants are able to participate at the age of four months old and are assigned to the role of an over hearer or an implied participant in a dyadic interaction where words are put into their mouths by the parent. Similarly, these rhetorical questions are used by the parent to allow the child to participate in a conversation as an embedded speaker (Leon 1998, p.146). In Leons findings, the Mayan families routinely immerse the infants in social activities where the parent tells the infant to address other family members which in turn allows the child to develop an understanding of how communication is performed. By the age of eight months, the infants are able to communicate verbally and non-verbally with the parent and the dyadic interaction of close bodily interaction is transformed into long distance verbal monitoring. The long distance verbal monitoring is evident when Mersi makes a guttural sound towards the caregiver to indicate that she needed to urinate demonstrating a trans formation from an eaves dropper to a virtual speaker (Leon 1998, p.139) in a dyadic interaction event. This interactive pattern of dyadic interactions relative to time with the parent and the infant is reflected through the results of the two Tzotzil (Mayan) infants language growth from being unable to speak to being able to communicate verbally and non-verbally with others. Leon demonstrates that infants in society require minimal conversational interaction (Leon 1998, p.143) in the stages before transitioning from a baby to a child and can develop their language skills through non-verbal communication that are dyadic or polyadic during social phenomena such as recognizing faces and following movement. In the daily lives in the Tzotzil community of extended families, there are many routine activities such as greetings which encourage the infants to participate in the greeting as a third party. During the studies of the two Tzotzil (Mayan) infants, the four month old Mersi was able to participate in a short greeting event between her parent and a passerby where she was sharing the parents viewpoint by rotating her head as she stared at the passing greeter thus participating in the routine activities which demonstrates how the infant is identified as a side participant in the event. Rhetorical questions and motherese (Leon 1998, p.144) is used towards the infant by the parent to achieve joint attention (Leon 1998, p.144). From Leons studies, the reply that the Mayan infants give back towards the parent is a childs babbling indicating that the infant has the role of an addressee in a conversation and has gained the slightest knowledge of how to communicate. This successfully demonstrates that children require minimal conversational interaction to develop language skills by participating in non-verbal interactions that are dyadic or polyadic. The studies of Lourdes De Leons (1998) paper The Emergent Participant: Interactive Patterns in the Socialization of Tzotzil (Mayan) Infants, Leon demonstrated how the learning process of language is reflected due to different social phenomena that infants are immersed in. These different social phenomena can be non-verbal or verbal dyadic or polyadic interactions enabling the child to take on different roles in an event despite having no knowledge of a specific language. However, dyadic interactions between mother and child which do not require speaking are the main sources of how an infant develop language and culture which is evident through the two monitored Mayan infants, Mal and Mersi.

Comparing Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness Francis Coppola’s movie Apocalypse Now was inspired by the world famous Joseph Conrad novel Heart of Darkness. A comparison and contrast can be made between the two. Both have similar themes but entirely different settings. Heart of Darkness takes place on the Congo River in the Heart of Africa, while Apocalypse Now is set in Vietnam. "Heart of Darkness , which follows closely the actual events of Conrad's Congo journey, tells of the narrator's fascination by a mysterious white man, Kurtz, who, by his eloquence and hypnotic personality, dominates the brutal tribesmen around him. Full of contempt for the greedy traders who exploit the natives, the narrator cannot deny the power of this figure of evil who calls forth from him something approaching reluctant loyalty."[1] The main characters in both have the same general personalities but have different names. Of course, Kurtz is Kurtz, Willard parallels Marlow, and the American photojournalist corresponds to the Russian Harlequin. Willard is a lieutenant for the US Army and Marlow is a captain of a steamboat of an ivory company. The first images of Willard and Marlow differ to some degree. The movie begins with Willard lying in an apartment room lost from reality with the song ‘The End’ playing by The Doors. He is haunted by his earlier deeds and he is getting very drunk. Willard smashes the mirror while fighting himself and cuts his hand. Marlow is portrayed as a wanderer of the sea. The narrator described him to somewhat of a hero. Their mission is to find Kurtz and take him down at all costs. In both stories Kurtz is a psychotic rebel, worshipped as a god, who threatens the stability of his original unit, but in one it is an ivory trading company and in the other it is the US Army. Kurtz, who had begun his assignment a man of great idealism and the highest morals, had become strangely savage. Tribes of natives worship the man who lives in a hut surrounded by fence posts topped with recently acquired human skulls.

Informed Consent, Refusal, and Competence Essay -- the patients’ right

In the medical field today, whenever a procedure is going to be done on a patient, informed consent must be given to the doctor from the patient prior the procedure taking place. Informed consent is the approval given by the patient to the doctor for treatment. In the case being discussed today, an 80 year old patient, with a history of congestive heart failure, is in the doctor's office complaining of chest pains. After an examination, the doctor believes the best course of treatment would be to have a surgical procedure, in an attempt to save the patients life. During the examination however, the patient expresses the wish to just be able to die. There is no Living will or Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) on file. The patient’s wife is afraid of the surgery, while the daughter is for anything that could save her dads life. The first thing that needs to take place in this situation is the determination of the competency of the patient. By using the Understand-and-Appreciate method of determining competency, if the patient understands the situation and all the options that are available to him; but also appreciates the options and understand the side effect of treatment or lack there of treatment , the patient is deemed confident. On the flip side, if the patient’s requests fall too far outside the realm of what would be considered normal, that could help in determining whether or not to override the patient’s wishes due to no longer being considered competent. It is the belief that â€Å"it is ethically justified to overrule the seriously irrational decision of a competent patient.† (Fredrick Adolf Paola, 2010) Under the assumption that during the last five years of treating Patient X for congestive heart failure, he never men... ...rd battle to fight at times. The reasoning behind the refusal may not make sense to everyone, but as long as the patient has been deemed competent, the patients’ right to choose their own medical care becomes number one priority. If, on the other hand, circumstances have found the patient not competent, moving forward to acquire consent from the next of kin of the court appointed surrogate of care is a must to ensure the patient receives the best medical care possible and results in an improved quality care of life for the patient. Works Cited Competency to make medical decisons. (n.d.). Retrieved 07 03, 2011, from Stanford. Edu: http://www.stanford.edu/group/psylawseminar/Competency.htm Fredrick Adolf Paola, R. W. (2010). medical Ethics and Humanities. Juonesd and Bartlett Publiushers. Lecture notes for HLT-305. (2011, 07 03). State University .

Narrative vs. Montage Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each film has a distinct purpose associated with it. Whether this purpose is as simple as teaching children a valuable lesson or as complex as criticizing a society’s barriers, there are explicit goals which must be discerningly conveyed. There are specific elements to filmmaking which are designed to contribute to the goals set forth when making a film. Such elements include what would be considered â€Å"aesthetics of astonishment,† or striking images, editing conflict and other techniques associated with montage filmmaking. Each of these techniques imprint a thought or logic on a film – a kind of â€Å"watermark† – that pushes the film itself towards the accomplishment of the original goals. Regardless of the need for the completion of these â€Å"higher goals†, a director’s ability to keep a viewer’s undivided attention is crucial to the success of a film. Each viewer must remain fascinated from start to finish by the plot a nd characters, or he will lose interest in the film. So, when a film relies on a strong narrative base to keep its audience captivated, there is little room for variation from the elements which depict the story best. Striking montage images or techniques, if not carefully placed, can have a tendency to take the viewer’s eye from the progression of the narrative and turn their thought to something else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quite often, montage aspects of a film are deliberately placed to invoke specific thoughts or feelings. Such techniques can be employed to even go so far as to provide an alternate connotation to an event than what the average viewer would normally formulate. Parallelism is a method designed to do just that. This technique allows directors to have his audience associate a single action or event with a secondary action or event. The Strike parallels the slaughter of a cow and the execution of factory workers to generate a deeper emotion than one would normally associate with murder. The audience does not view the execution as merely mass murder, but instead they compare the soldiers to a butcher and connect the murder itself to something heartless and revolting – a slaughter. The Strike seems to tastefully use this method to strengthen the purpose of the film itself: a criticism of murder and execution. There is, however a fine line between what is tasteful and what is not. If this techniqu... ...en were sickened by the excessive visual conflict. Needless to say, these flashes took a significant amount of attention away from the narrative itself, and one can safely assume that such an event would tend to make a film rather unpopular.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the aesthetics of astonishment are not employed whatsoever, the film loses its purpose and becomes an empty recital of the actions of its characters. This deems the striking montage elements necessary. If these elements are overdone, then the audience can and will lose sight of the narrative element. Should this cause the audience to lose interest in the film altogether, then the film is a failure and the director loses credibility. The most important aspect of creating a film is finding a healthy medium between completing the objective of the film and presenting the narrative. Directors are responsible for depicting the necessary montage elements in a film while avoiding creating what Gunning describes as â€Å"an excess of mimesis† (FTC). One could argue that this very conflict is what distinguishes films that find this medium as â€Å"great films.† Books used to support this paper: Film Theory and Criticism Film Art

Birth Order

This paper ought to review and study the possible connection between child order and personality, with respect to the theory as proposed by Alfred Adler. The paper would take a look at what the theory is all about and whether there are enough evidence that could support Adler’s claim.Alfred Adler has been one of the pioneers of psychoanalysis, although he ventured away from some of Sigmund Freud’s theories.   It was due to their difference in ideas and contextual analysis that the separation from the Psychoanalytic school happened.   Adler created his own school of psychology which he called â€Å"Individual Psychology†. In this group, the concern focused on the so-called inferiority complex that humans possess (Ansbacher, 1964).With respect to Adler’s theory, humans are originally weak and helpless. Humans are born without knowledge and must always be guided by those who are â€Å"superior† or by someone who is older (Ansbacher, 1964).Because o f this, children strive to learn further and try in every way to exceed or at least achieve the same level as those people whom they perceive to be superior to them. This is what Adler speculated as the â€Å"inferiority complex†, the driving force that fuels a human’s emotions, actions and reasons (Mosak, 1999).According to Adler those people who strive to become the best or those who try in every way to succeed are people who have very high inferiority complex, while those who are easy-going are more likely less affected by the inferiority complex (Mosak, 1999).However, a very strong inferiority complex might also have a negative effect on a particular person, most specifically when the person has failed in most of his/her endeavors. These experiences might leave the person feeling wrecked, hopeless and unmotivated to strive towards future goals because of the overwhelming failure that the person has encountered.Adler supported Freud’s hypothesis concerning th e effects of parenting styles on the life of the person. Adler hypothesized that there are two parenting styles, pampering and neglect, which affect the life of adult person.Pampering would be the process in which the parent gives too much attention to the child and protects the child, so that the child is presented with an ideal world.   This does not help the child develop into a full social individual. Due to this kind of treatment, the child might develop a severe inferiority complex and might be shocked when faced with the realities of life on their own. (Drescher & Stone, 2004)  The child might not be able to perform well on his/her own because he/she was used to the experience of having his/her parents on his/her side whenever problems arose. Also the child would be doubtful not only of his/her abilities but also of the decisions that he/she makes.With regards to the neglectful parenting style, the child is said to be exposed to all the extremes and problems that the worl d can offer.   Since the child was left alone, he/she might be force to struggle on his/her own which leads to his/her mistrust to the people around him/her.   Because of this, the child reared under a neglectful parenting style finds it very hard to create or build relationships with other people especially with his/her peers. (MacDonald, 1971)Therefore, Alfred Adler believed that parents shall make sure that the child was protected from the evils of the world at the same time the parents are obligated to present to the child the harsh realities of life. (Stein, 2007) Simply put, the child must be protected but that does not mean that the parent would deny them the knowledge and opportunity of knowing how to solve problems independently.Aside from parenting, another aspect that greatly affects a child’s performance in his lifetime according to Adler is his/her birth order. Indeed, this assumption has since garnered criticism and support from psychologists and social scie ntists.According to this â€Å"theory†, the birth order of the child determines how he views himself as a person with respect to how the child is treated in his family. It is also the factor which is responsible for the behavior and personality of the person in his adult life. (Stein, 2007)The Firstborn:According to Adler’s theory, the firstborn of the family is treated with outmost care and spoiled before the other siblings arrived. The situation for this child starts out with excited parents and the child usually has everything he/she needs. When the younger sibling is conceived there is a sudden shift of attention of the parents. The new baby now receives more attention that the firstborn child. Thus the firstborn, in Adler’s theory, tries his/her best to regain this attention. The child desperately seeks the return of his/her parents’ full love and interest. (Stein, 2007)Most firstborns feel dethroned by their younger siblings because they now have to share everything with the next child; thus, a firstborn learns to share. Also, the firstborn are given more responsibility than the other children, since they are the eldest; this could cause them to develop an authoritarian persona. (Mosak, 1999)  The parents’ expectations for the firstborn are usually very high; they are pushed into the situation of being responsible and setting an example for their younger siblings. These experiences might led the first born child to develop the qualities of a good leader, although usually firstborn children have lower self confidence than other children. (Stein, 2007)The Middleborn:Middle children do not encounter the same expectations and are not spoiled as the firstborn; however, they still get a portion of the attention that the firstborn child enjoys. What makes being the middle child interesting is that they not only experience a drive to be superior to the first child, but also must compete for attention and status among the youn ger siblings. These experiences could cause inferiority with reference to their older siblings but superiority with reference to their younger siblings. (Stein, 2007)

Critical Response of an image Essay

Advertisement is a nonice or announcement in a semi populace medium promoting a product, service, or feature or publicizing. It is withal bringing into sense a impertinent product or idea. advertise generally tries to sell the amours that consumers compulsion even if they should not wish for them. ad things that consumers do not pick out for is not effective use of the advertisers m geniusy. A majority of what advertisers sell consists of customer items want food, clothing, cars and services things that people rely to squander.On the opposite hand it is believed by some publicizing experts that the greatest stoop in ad happens in choosing a brand at the point of sale. Advertising accumulations to consumers through common images the logo use is well-designed and thither is a clear musical interval of art from commerce. Advertisers use these iconic images to appeal to consumers since they symbolize or stand outright for something. The image for MacDonalds symboliz es its quality. Therefore, advertisers use these images to give-up the ghost very(prenominal) much more than wrangling, since they seem to consider the message without too much effort. fit to McDonalds website, their mission statement is to be our customers favorite locating and way to eat.The oecumenical operations have been aligned slightly a global strategy cal direct the jut out to win centering on the volt basics of an exceptional customer look People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. Its committed to up the operations and enhancing the customers experience. For decades, Macdonalds has maintained a grand advertising campaign. In extension to the media, the alliance makes considerable use of signage and billboards, neat events and coolers of drinks with their logo for all kinds of events In the showcase of McDonalds advertising the texts utilize argon effective. They have contributed in attracting gradeed clients to the company.The wordings atomic numb er 18 extremely pleasing and victoryful at acquire the consumers to buy the products. The phrase Im Lovin it which is used in one of the ads, indicates a piece of advertising that is crabbyly striking. harmonise to Cross propagandas is simply a nub of persuasion, which they have applied that to their place because it is evidently an artistic expression, yet is trying to sell something to the consumers. The companys efficaciously is truthful since the care brings in new customers and creates new products. The company released a burger that is modest fat, and which targeted adults in response to the consumers desire for fitter options.The company has learned from its previous mistakes, like going after the wrong target market of adults instead of young adults. This however, resulted to a turn around strategy, which later led to increase in sale and profits. McDonalds has managed to implement strategies that satisfy the changing need of the customer. The company, being an in ternational restaurant inwardly the quick service restaurant, requires a really mettlesome take aim of promotional campaigns to quell competitive. This has been so, since some of the most memorable commercializeds in fast food industry have emerged from this particular company. Effective speaking has contributed to its world-wide refinement and in its listing on the public stock markets.With the expansion of McDonalds to a worldwide market, the company has become a symbol of globalization. At the same time, it has acted as the spread of the American system of living. Its expulsion has as well resulted to regular topics of public debates on obesity, business ethics and consumer responsibility. The company also introduced a caf style in accompaniment to the restaurant. To accommodate the recent trend of high quality burnt umber and realization of coffee shops in general. A number of locations are connected to convenience stores and gas stations, this level of achievement i s an indication of effective advertising or else truthful rhetoric. The corporation also earns revenue as an investor in properties, as an operator and franchiser of restaurants.The companys business model is slightly different from other fast- food chains. In addition, franchising fees and marketing fees are calculated as a remainder of sales. Many researchers, including some writers believe in that respect is a connection between advert and denigrating behaviors. Some suggest that advertisements happen upon children negatively especially young women. Lutz argues that the bearing in which advertisers modify the meaning of words is able to have a harmful effect on languages and how it is used.The author believes that the family family relationship amid humans and any impress of destination can be complicated. However there is no denial that there is a relationship between behavior and advertising. On the other hand, it is not convincing on the directness and similarity a pproximately the relationship between media and advertising. Lutz continues to argue that advertisers use language to imply a great thing about products and services without promising anything at all. With extensive skill, advertisers can create an advertisement that makes us to believe that a particular product is better than it is without having to lie about it. (Lutz, 448) correspond to Machesney, adverting must build a brand period speaking with one voice.They develop economies in the creative process, while maximizing its local effectiveness and it increases the companys speed of implementation. It is the headstone to ascertain success of the organization. The ability to identify the key of an ad that contributes to its success leads to maximization of the preservation of scale. (Machesney, 265) Critics argue that commercialization of all field of society, increases in consumption and wastes resources privatization of public outer space and the negative influence on the mo dus vivendi is due to overrated advertising. Advertising to some achievement has contributed tremendously to destroying non-material possessions.Public service adverting is an adverting technique used in promoting goods and services. It is crucial in forgeing, educating and move the public about non commercial issues like conserving energy, deforestation and political ideology. It is an important and educational tool that is capable of motivating and reaching larger audiences.Adverting justifies its existence when used in the public interest. It is too much a powerful tool to be used for commercial means only. Infomercials are televisions commercials with a longer format they are very useful in creating an impulse leveraging, so that the moment the consumer observes the presentation, it is followed by immediate purchase of the product through the advertised buzzer free number. Infomercials describe, display and frequently try products and their features.They commonly have t estimonials from industry professionals and consumers. According to Williamson, press advertising is an influential heart of advertising. It describes advertising in yarn-dyeed medium such(prenominal) as newspapers, journals or magazines. This involves everything from media with a broad readership base. It allows private companies or individuals to purchase a small targeted advertisement at a low fee to advertise their products and services. (Williamson, 255) eminence branding is another powerful form of advertising that mainly focuses on development a celebrity popularity to gain recognition for the product.Celebrities are frequently involved in advertising campaigns like televisions or print adverts to advertise general or ad hoc program. This can lead to great success if it is endorsed by various companies, and practiced prudently. Online advertising is the most recent and productive form of advertising. It reaches a massive audience at the same time being affordable, as com pared to other mediums. This is achieved by the use of realness Wide Web to express the purpose of delivering marketing messages to draw customers.