PARASITIC WORMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PARASITIC WORMS - Essay Example A holistic approach that involves preventive measures, drug therapy and non-drug measures is employed in tackling the menace of worm infestation. Human parasitic worms are a major health challenge in the developing world. To a far less degree, however, worm infestation in the developed countries is also a problem. Broadly speaking, three groups of worms cause parasitic worm infestation in man. These are the roundworms (also known as the nematodes), the flukes (also called the trematodes), and the tapeworms (the cestodes). The roundworms are responsible for the majority of parasitic worm infestations in the developing world. These roundworms are usually the large roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and the hookworm (Acyclostoma duodenale). A few cases of infestation by these worms in the developed world are found in travelers and immigrants. On the other hand, threadworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is the roundworm that causes the most parasitic worm infestation in the United Kingdom. Other known roundworms include Strongyloides stercoralis that causes strongyloidiasis, and the Necator american us (the new world hookworm) that causes necatoriasis. The flukes include all members of the Schistosoma species, and the cause schistosomiasis or bilharzia depending on the species that is contacted. The tapeworms are the Taenia species and their intermediate hosts are beef (Taenia saginata), pork (Taenia solium), or fish (Dipyllobothrium latum) from where they are passed to man (the definitive host). The dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepsis nana) is passed from man to man.(Clark, 2006) Pathophysiology Threadworms are threadlike in structure and their infestation is commoner in children. They are passed from one person to another by the ingestion of their eggs. These eggs develop into larvae in the small intestine and are hatched to produce young worms. The worms mature in a couple of weeks and the adult females migrate to the anus where they lay numerous microscopic eggs. As a result of itching felt in the anus where these eggs are laid, the anus is scratched by the human and the eggs are reingested through the hand-to-mouth route. Infestation could also be through migration of hatched eggs up to the rectum (Clark, 2006). Strongyloides stercoralis is commoner in warm region, though its distribution is world wide. First infestation is through larvae deposited in soil that enter the skin and develop in the small intestine. Subsequent infestation is by larvae passed in stools of infected individuals which re-penetrate the skin of the same individual. A possible complication is the life threatening strongyloides hyper infestation syndrome(Clark, 2006). In infected individuals, the Schistosoma species lay eggs that are excreted in the human stool (Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma manson) or in the urine (Schistosoma haematobium) Larvae hatched from these eggs are called the miracidia, and they enter snails which are the intermediate hosts. Consequently, infective larvae called the cercariae are released from these snails and enter humans that wade in water in which they are present. These larvae migrate to the human intestine or the bladder where they mature, mate and produce eggs. Initial infestation may be asymptomatic, causing only a transient itching or

Essay type questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Type questions - Essay Example They provide their patients with consultation, education and research issues. Another scope of responsibilities is relevant to Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA), which are more focused on ambulatory care, surgical settings etc (Utley-Smith, Phillips, Turner, 2007). Therefore, nurses with a special graduate level nursing degree demonstrate a specialized knowledge. The Nurse Educator and Nurse Administrator were excluded from the list of advanced practice nurses, because the former is prepared at the master’s level or with a doctoral degree, while the second one is responsible for schedules of nurses’ practices and other administrative issues. These two professional categories of nurses are educated at the master’s and the doctoral level. There are many challenges in education of nurses nowadays. In spite of the fact that modern nurses have expanded educational programs there are many shortages in practical hours. Therefore, nurses are focused more on skills utilization and not skills acquisition (). There is a great a variety of pathways, but these two categories have different outcomes of their education. For example, the doctoral degree of nurses is more focused on scientific underpinnings. The Clinical Nurse Leaders are more considered about quality improvement of nursing systems and organizations. DNPs are more oriented to improvement and transformation of health care, while CNLs are involved in interprofessional collaboration (Reay, Golden-Biddle, Germann, 2003). The CNL and DNP reflect changes in health care. Thus, CNLs are operating at the micro level and provide with their help small groups of patients. The DNP provide care at the system level (Stolee, Hillier, Esbaugh, Griffiths, Borrie, 2006). They are looking for various decisions outside healthcare system, i.e. they are more open for transformations. There are three positive factors in the process of EBP implementation: therapy efficiency,

Accelerated Pathways for Authorisation of Drugs

Accelerated Pathways for Authorisation of Drugs Mary Treasa Lohan Abstract and Summary Every year, thousands of chemical and biological entities are developed in the hope of making it to the shelf. The drug development process is the progression by which drugs will either be approved or not approved for use, and spans from discovery and preclinical testing to Phase IV of Clinical Trials (post marketing surveillance). The underpinning aim is to ensure the safety and efficacy of a drug before it can be approved for use. Given that only one in every 5,000 to 10,000 compounds that enter preclinical testing are approved for marketing, and that an average of 15 years is required to take a drug through the complete process, the drug development process is a long and costly one. The two main regulatory bodies in the world are the FDA (USA) and the EMA (EU) and while the drug approval process varies from the EU to the USA, the basic regulation process remains the same. Figure 1 Basic drug development regulation       (Kashyap et al., 2013) 1.1. Drug approval process in the US In brief, the process of drug approval in the US first involves the submission of an Investigational New Drug application by the Sponsor. This allows the Clinical Trials to commence once the data from the Preclinical trials shows that the drug is safe. Once the drug is shown to be safe and effective (Clinical Trials data), a New Drug Application is filed which is essentially an application to manufacture and sell the drug (Rick, 2009). 1.1. Drug approval process in the EU The application process for the EU, similar to the US, requires two steps. The first step is a clinical trial application to an individual member state, and then a marketing approval. The marketing approval in the EU can take one of three approaches The centralised procedure The mutual recognition procedure The decentralised procedure As mentioned before, the purpose of the drug development process is to ensure safe and effective drugs are available to the patient. However, both the US and EU processes are very lengthy procedures and often do not provide rapid patient access to drugs. There is of course a balance to be struck between providing patients with rapid access to medicines and ensuring adequate information is available regarding the risk-benefit factors of the drug, sometimes termed the evidence versus access challenge (Eichler et al., 2015). 1.2. Improvements In recent times however, much has been done to try and improve the situation (Baird et al., 2014). In the EU, there are two means to fast track approval of a drug; Accelerated assessment and Conditional marketing authorisation. The Conditional marketing authorisation process allows the approval of a medicine that address unmet medical needs of patients on the basis of less comprehensive data than normally required. The available data must indicate that the medicines benefits outweigh its risks and the applicant should be in a position to provide the comprehensive clinical data in the future (EMA, 2015). In 2014, the EMA initiated a pilot project for a new model of drug testing and marketing called Adaptive Pathways (also known as Adaptive Licensing, or more recently the terms Medicines Adaptive Pathways (MAPs) or Medicines Adaptive Pathways to Patients (MAPPs) have been used). This concept allows new drugs that would treat unmet medical needs to be launched on the market faster, based on an incomplete data set (Davis et al., 2016). This project aims to discuss Adaptive Pathways in general, the different types of Adaptive Pathways, as well as the types of drugs that are suitable for these pathways. Finally, the Adaptive Pathway approval strategies in the EU and the US will be discussed. 2.1. Adaptive Pathways 2014 saw the introduction of a pilot program by which drugs could potential to make it to the market faster in order to fulfil unmet medical needs, the Adaptive Pathway. The idea was to ensure timely patient access to new drugs, while ensuring adequate risk benefit information was available. The Adaptive Pathways model presented by the EMA is not a new route of marketing authorisation but rather makes use of existing regulatory approaches such as the conditional marketing authorisation or the standard marketing authorisation. Using this pilot program, drugs could be authorized conditionally or in a staggered fashion using data gathered throughout the life of the product. The three key principles of Adaptive Pathways are; Iterative development Gathering real-life evidence Early involvement of stakeholders Bearing in mind that drugs are approved through adaptive pathways based on incomplete data and are given market approval earlier in the development process, iterative development refers to the gathering of data to increase knowledge after authorisation. It is a staggered approach to widen the target population or expand the indication. The data collected can also be used to reduce any uncertainties that were present at the early approval stage. A key component of Adaptive Pathways is a well-defined prospective plan for collecting real-life data that can be used in conjunction with the Clinical Trials data to enhance the risk benefit ratio (Eichler et al., 2012). Communication between stakeholders is critical and helps to decide what medicines are suitable, and are also responsible for creating an agreed prospective plan required for data gathering throughout the lifecycle of the product. Stakeholders are involved from a very early stage and can include health technology assessment (HTA) bodies, patients, as well as regulators and healthcare professionals. 2.2. Benefits and challenges of Adaptive Pathways The obvious advantage of the Adaptive Pathway is that the patient can potentially have access to a drug in a much shorter time period than if the drug had to go through the standard application process. If the drug shows a good risk benefit outcome, the drug can be approved at an earlier stage, while real-life data is gathered at predefined intervals from patients to confirm effectiveness. There is also the opportunity for drugs to be fully approved within a shorter timeframe than normal.   Eichler also suggests that this process may reduce the overall cost of development by allowing better-informed decisions on product viability to be made earlier in the development process (Eichler et al., 2012). Eichler has published an article detailing the enablers of this new concept (Eichler et al., 2015). However, since the publication of the EMAs final report in July following the completion of the pilot program, a number of articles have been published which criticise the new concept (Eichler et al., 2012) (Woodcock, 2012). Unlike the standard authorisation, the Adaptive Pathway uses preliminary data and omits a number of steps that were designed to protect patients from unsafe and ineffective drugs and, this raises concerns as to whether this can potentially lead to increased risk to the patient. For adaptive Pathways to work, it is critical that evidence obtained after initial approval be taken into consideration. However, it has been found that healthcare professionals are often slow to abandon unsafe methods (Tatsioni et al., 2007). This is worrying as the basis of Adaptive Pathways is that reliable data is generated after authorisation that will shed more light on the risk benefit to the patient. Another serious concern relates to the life cycle management of the new drug (Davis et al., 2016). As mentioned earlier, a key principle of the Adaptive Pathway is gathering real-life evidence in post-marketing studies that would be used to update the risk benefit information. However, it would seem that in the case of conditionally approved drugs, the regulatory bodies have failed to ensure post-marketing study commitments are followed through (Banzi et al., 2015). It has also been suggested that where undesirable findings are encountered, companies may dispute these as unreliable results (McCabe et al., 2010) or may discount them because there are large financial gains or reputations at risk (Prasad et al., 2012). Moreover, the willingness of stakeholders to participate in a program that involves more uncertainty, and correspondingly perhaps more risk, than before will be one of the greatest challenges to the Adaptive Pathway. 2.3. Suitable drugs for Adaptive Pathways The report issued by the EMA suggests that drugs that treat infectious diseases, Alzheimers disease, degenerative diseases and rare cancers are potential candidates for this process with the objective of furthering their development and that suitable for the Adaptive Pathways would be those that treat rare diseases, where clinical data is not that common. The EMA have provided a flowchart to help companies determine if a product is an appropriate candidate or not, (Figure 2). Based on this, the key features of a drug that could be deemed suitable for this Adaptive Pathways approach are; iterative development, collaboration with HTA, and the use of real time data for regulatory purposes. Figure 2 Adaptive Pathway product eligibility flowchart While there is no strict restriction on what type of drugs are eligible for the Adaptive Pathways, the EMA states that this route is not to be applicable to all medicines, but only to medicines that are likely to address an unmet medical need(EMA, 2016). During the pilot, 62 applications were received from a variety of therapeutic areas with cancer therapies accounting for a large proportion (33%). It is worth noting that Orphan designated drugs are suitable candidates, with 5 making it through to Stage 1 Meetings (15 drugs had been given Orphan drug designation by the European Commission at the time of submission) (EMA, 2016). (EMA, 2016) 2.5. Adaptive Pathway approval strategy in the USA Within the USA, there are four approaches to getting drugs on the market as rapidly as possible, and in each case the drug must be intended to treat a serious condition. A serious condition is defined as a disease or condition associated with morbidity that has a substantial impact on day-to-day functioning Fast Track Breakthrough Therapy Accelerated Approval Priority Review Fast Track refers to the process, approved in 1992 under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, by which drugs needed to treat serious conditions or to fulfil unmet medical needs are rapidly approved. According to the FDA, filling an unmet medical need is defined as providing a therapy where none exists or providing a therapy which may be potentially better than available therapy (FDA, 2014). This strategy means more communication with the FDA regarding the drug development plan, data collection and clinical trials design. In addition, a Fast Track designated drug is potentially eligible for Accelerated Approval and Priority Review if it meets the applicable criteria. Breakthrough Therapy designation accelerates the development of drugs needed to treat serious conditions that have shown substantial advantages over existing treatments in early clinical studies (Poirier and Murphy, 2016). This strategy utilises a surrogate endpoint. A surrogate endpoint is a marker used to determine effectiveness of a drug, such as the shrinking of a tumour and is often used rather than actual clinical endpoints, such as survival rates. Another example would be a significantly improved safety profile compared to available therapy (FDA). In addition to the Fast Track designation benefits, Breakthrough Therapy drugs receive a vast amount of guidance with the drug development program. References   BAIRD, L. G., BANKEN, R., EICHLER, H. G., KRISTENSEN, F. B., LEE, D. K., LIM, J. C. W., LIM, R., LONGSON, C., PEZALLA, E. SALMONSON, T. 2014. Accelerated access to innovative medicines for patients in need. Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics, 96, 559-571. BANZI, R., GERARDI, C. GARATTINI, S. 2015. Approvals of drugs with uncertain benefit-risk profiles in Europe. European journal of internal medicine, 26, 572-584. DAVIS, C., LEXCHIN, J., JEFFERSON, T., GØTZSCHE, P. MCKEE, M. 2016. Adaptive pathways to drug authorisation: adapting to industry? BMJ: British Medical Journal, 354. EICHLER, H. G., BAIRD, L. G., BARKER, R., BLOECHLà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ DAUM, B., BØRLUMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ KRISTENSEN, F., BROWN, J., CHUA, R., DEL SIGNORE, S., DUGAN, U. FERGUSON, J. 2015. From adaptive licensing to adaptive pathways: Delivering a flexible lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ span approach to bring new drugs to patients. Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics, 97, 234-246. EICHLER, H. G., OYE, K., BAIRD, L. G., ABADIE, E., BROWN, J., L DRUM, C., FERGUSON, J., GARNER, S., HONIG, P. HUKKELHOVEN, M. 2012. Adaptive licensing: taking the next step in the evolution of drug approval. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 91, 426. EMA. 2015. Fast track routes for medicines that address unmet medical needs [Online].   [Accessed]. EMA 2016. Final report on the adaptive pathways pilot. FDA. Breakthrough Therapy [Online]. Available: http://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Fast/ucm405399.htm [Accessed]. FDA. 2014. Fast Track [Online]. Available: http://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Fast/ucm405399.htm [Accessed]. KASHYAP, U. N., GUPTA, V. RAGHUNANDAN, H. V. 2013. Comparison of Drug Approval Process in United States & Europe. J Pharm Sci Res, 5, 131-6. MCCABE, C., CHILCOTT, J., CLAXTON, K., TAPPENDEN, P., COOPER, C., ROBERTS, J., COOPER, N. ABRAMS, K. 2010. Continuing the multiple sclerosis risk sharing scheme is unjustified. Bmj, 340, c1786. POIRIER, A. F. MURPHY, W. R. 2016. The Impact of Breakthrough Therapy Designation on Development Strategies and Timelines for Nononcology Drugs and Vaccines. Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics, 100, 603-605. PRASAD, V., CIFU, A. IOANNIDIS, J. P. A. 2012. Reversals of established medical practices: evidence to abandon ship. Jama, 307, 37-38. RICK, N. 2009. Drugs from discovery to approval., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. TATSIONI, A., BONITSIS, N. G. IOANNIDIS, J. P. A. 2007. Persistence of contradicted claims in the literature. Jama, 298, 2517-2526. WOODCOCK, J. 2012. Evidence vs. Access: Can Twentyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Firstà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Century Drug Regulation Refine the Tradeoffs? Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics, 91, 378-380. staggered or conditional marketing authorization AL is expected to involve a trade-off between earlier access for some patients vs. an increased level of acceptable uncertainty about benefits and risks, although the degree of uncertainty is expected to diminish with additional evidence generation. One of the main purposes of the AL scheme is to get more robust and more relevant data earlier and throughout product development. Any attempt to move toward a more adaptive approach would have to be complemented by appropriate communications to key stakeholders and assurance that the appropriate post-initial authorization capabilities exist for ongoing monitoring of medical products for which AL has been applied

We Need Nuclear Energy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

We Need Nuclear Energy      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Minutes ago, the lights flickered, went out briefly, snapped on again. It was a warning. The electricity would last only a few moments longer, and then we would be plunged into three hours of darkness. . . . For the third time today, by official edict, we are taking our turn without electricity. A miners' strike has reduced coal stocks almost to the vanishing point, and most of Britain's electricity comes from coal" (Weaver, "The Search . . .", 652). This could become a common occurrence if the United States doesn't use other energy sources besides fossil fuels. Nuclear energy should continue to be used in the United States.    Nuclear energy is produced in a nuclear reactor. Inside the reactor, uranium undergoes fission. Fission occurs when a fast-moving neutron strikes a nucleus of uranium. The nucleus cannot take the extra neutron, so it splits apart, producing an enormous amount of heat. This takes place in the reactor core, which is surrounded by a large quantity of pressurized water that absorbs the heat. This heat is transferred from this water to the water in a steam generator, where it boils water to steam. The steam turns turbines, which produces electricity (Macaulay, 174-9).       The main benefit of nuclear energy is the amount of energy within uranium. One kilogram of uranium produces 440,000 megajoules of energy. Coal produces a maximum of 30 megajoules, and crude oil produces 46 ("Why . . . "). In other words, one pound of uranium can produce as much energy as 12,000 pounds of coal or 1,200 gallons of oil ("Nuclear . . . "). A one million kilowatt power station uses 2.3 million tons of coal each year. A one million kilowatt nuclear reactor, on the other hand, us... ...uclear Energy." Three Mile Island Student Research Project. [on-line] Available: http://www.ee.rochester.edu:8080/programs/399Projects/TMIStudy/TMIPros.htm    "The Three Mile Island Accident." Three Mile Island Student Research Project. [on-line] Available: http://www.ee.rochester.edu:8080/programs/399Projects/TMIStudy/TMIIncident.html    Weaver, Kenneth F. "The Promise and Peril of Nuclear Energy." National Geographic. April 1979. pp. 459-493.    Weaver, Kenneth F. "The Search For Tomorrow's Power." National Geographic. November 1972. pp. 661-672.    "Why Uranium." Uranium Information Centre. [on-line] Available: http://www.uic.com.au/whyu.htm    Young, Paulette. "Average Price of Coal Delivered to Electric Utilities by Census Division and State, 1987, 1992-1996." [on-line] Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/cia/t92p01.txt

Firda Kahlo Art Critical Analysing

Critical Analysis This is an oil on canvas painting by Friday Kohl called Cropped Hair, made in 1940 at a size of coxcomb. It is a self- portrait of her with a scissor in one hand and her hair creeping everywhere on the floor. As you can see in the painting, the fore ground busy because of the long dark hair that is laid all over the floor. In the middle ground of the portrait, it shows Friday Kohl sitting in a chair, wearing an oversized suit, that by the looks of it isn't hers while holding a serious, upset or pain face.As if she was thinking of the pain that someone had caused her, expressing it thought her minting. The way she is position in the painting is out of proportion, from her neck and below it is different from her neck and upwards, making her looks stiff and uncomfortable. The chair also stands out more than the rest of the portrait along with the hands, face and neck; she had used a bright warm yellow to out-stand the other dark and light, warm and cool colors. The ton ing of the middle ground is also very clear, showing all the shadows that are in the suits and her face.The background of the portrait is different from the rest. She had painted it plain, as well s making it look like they are clouds, bring all the attention to the foreground. The top of the background shows some text and music notes. The used of Friday Kohl's Line, Tone, Color, Shape, Pattern and shapes are very unique. She had used manly warm color in her portrait. A cool blue for the suit, a warm red for the floor, a warm yellow for the chair and a mixture of colors for the wall but mostly yellow.The tone's she used made the chair and herself look AD and the rest AD. The pattern she had used is clearly shown in the wall behind her; it is soft and has a repetition of smudge pots making it looks like clouds. This is very different from the rest of the portrait. The texture of the background, her skin, chair and suit are smooth rather than rough. The way she painted the portrait fl oor, from light transitioning into dark to make it seems spacey and how she placed the horizontal line far back.This make also made the room more spacious and wide as if she is in an empty room and by herself. The focal point of the portrait is of Friday Kohl sitting on the chair and the hair surrounding her. Your eyes would be more attacked to the hair that is on the floor cause it gives Off creepy but also sad look to it, your eyes then moves to her in the oversized suit then to the plain background. This it because of her use of red in the portrait, your eyes are usually more attacked to warm colors.Friday Kohl painted this portrait after she had a divorce with her husband, for cheating on her with her own blood sister. She wanted to express the self- independence and self- confidence that she had gain after the divorce. Showing him and other's that she does not need him anymore. I believe that the oversized suit she is wearing in the portrait is Diego. She did this because her h usband liked her to wear dresses and now that he is gone, she does not need to dress to impress. The scissor that she is holding in her hand, tells me that she had cut off all her hair.This was like a sacrifice to her. Her hair was the one thing her husband loved most about her, by cutting all her hair off. She is trying to show that she had cut all ties that she had ever had with her husband. If Diego had left her, then why goes she need the one thing her loved most about her. Your hair is like your Identity. No hair, no identity ‘look it was because of your hair, owe you are without hair, I don't love you anymore' this is what the text in the portrait says. This was a big sacrifice she was willing to make.The portrait looks very empty with Just her in the middle could maybe explain the feeling she was feeling after the divorce, depress, sad, lonely and empty. In my own opinion I dislike this portrait. It looks creepy and gross, with all the hair loosely laid on the ground an d her proportion isn't correct. This is something I would not want to hang up on a wall. It gives off an unpleasant and uncomfortable feeling, like she is looking at you every second, staring at you with hateful eyes.

Building and maintaining relationships Essay

Building positive relationships is important task of your everyday life; social networking through communication, and relationship is the most effective way people become successful in the workplace. Building a positive relationship with your subordinates creates an environment as a manager where your subordinates are willing to work and put in the effort in their work to be successful. The key to building positive relationships is effective communication. Effective communication conveys your goals and paths to those goals with all of your subordinates, superiors, and peers. The benefits of effective face to face communication is immense not only does it build relationships, but it helps individuals get a understanding of the task at hand as well as the desired outcomes of those tasks. At my job at Chrysler my largest asset was my ability to communicate in an effective manner to my subordinates. Taking the extra time to listen to your subordinates, and hear what they have to say can make the difference between being a successful manager or an unsuccessful manager. The subordinates who worked for me where the most knowledgeable individuals about the job tasks in their department, and where a constant wealth of information for me to ask for opinions and questions I might have about the department. Building relationships with my supervisors was another asset I used in my daily life at Chrysler. Building a positive relationship with my supervisor enabled me to have a resource to go to when I have questions about my job tasks. The benefit of asking my superiors is they have experienced all of the same issues I was experiencing, and in most situations had an outcome that was either desired or not desired that I could utilize to make my decision as a manager. Another effective way I was able to communicate with my employees when they struggled with particular job tasks is to utilize coaching as a corrective technique rather than discipline. I found that through effective coaching you are much more able to successfully communicate and improve your work area than through discipline. In important way that the book conveys that align with my beliefs is communicating in a way that doesn’t put then receiver on the defensive, when this happens it creates a block in effective communication as well as effective relationship building. In my experience to avoid this defensive form of communication is to be open with your subordinates, and communicate in manner as equals rather than as a supervisor. It is easier to communicate with your peers than with your boss, so when I communicate with my subordinates I try to create that environment. Creating an advising environment rather than an evaluative environment is always a harbor for success when communicating effectively. When you are evaluating your superiors or subordinates it creates environment where communication is very indirect, and based on a image rather than the true root causes to issues that need to be resolved. It is through relationship building you will find success as a manager, in terms of success and eventually leading to promotion.

Richard Posners Not a Suicide Pact Brief Summary

Richard Posners Not a Suicide Pact Brief Summary Free Online Research Papers Richard Posner discusses through â€Å"Not a Suicide Pact† how the Constitution is an ever changing document, which constantly must be interpreted differently in order to find a new balance between how much civil liberties are given and how much rights must be taken away in order to ensure safety. During times of war, or unstable situations in which the public safety is threatened, the government must responsibly decide how much they should decrease the civil liberties of the people in order to ensure safety without taking away too much rights from the people. Because the Constitution is such a flexible document, we can interpret it freely enough so that we can alter the document’s meaning for times of war or peace and thus treat each situation with more unique, workable solutions. Posner points out the need for flexibility in the Constitution on page 1 of his narrative, â€Å"Like any brittle thing, a Constitution that will not bend will break†. Posner’s message throughout his entire book is that we must interpret the Constitution loosely in order for our country to survive through any situation. The threat level that the United States government deals with effects the range of how far civil liberties from the Constitution should be allowed to vary; but, the specific amount at which they should vary is never concrete. In fact, the we are always trying to find a balance between these two points on the spectrum that best fits each new given situation When values such as personal liberty and privacy come into conflict with those of equal importance, like public safety, which have suddenly become magnified by the onset of a national emergency, then it is more important to sacrifice some of our personal liberty and privacy in exchange for the safety of the public during a time of crisis. When there is a time of crisis it is more important to protect the safety of the people than to get as much rights as usual and then have the lives of the people at greater risk. I personally agree with Posner’s ideas on the balance between freedom and security, and I think that the sacrifice of rights to an extent is a good solution, as long as civil liberties never disintegrate. According to Posner, civil liberties in order to protect the people from a tyrant or oppression, and states that they are for making sure that there is no situation where â€Å"such actions get out of hand, creating a climate of fear, oppressing the innocent, stifling independent thought, and endangering democracy.† Protection from terrorisms is essential, and I am very thankful for many of the steps that the government has taken to give us security, and the price of a little less privacy is alright with me if it saves countless lives and keeps our nation safer. Research Papers on Richard Posner's "Not a Suicide Pact" Brief SummaryPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Relationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export Quotas

A view from the bridge by Arthur Miller Essays

A view from the bridge by Arthur Miller Essays A view from the bridge by Arthur Miller Paper A view from the bridge by Arthur Miller Paper Consider the importance of Italian loyalty in the play A view from the bridge by Arthur Miller. Daniel Bishop In the play A View From The Bridge Arthur Miller constantly conveys the extreme moral importance of loyalty towards others, be it strangers or close family in a closely linked Italian-American community in 1950s Brooklyn. Eddie Carbone values and honours these unwritten laws as much as anyone else, but despite warnings, his own desperation and selfishness slowly leads him to reject these values and therefore suffer the harsh Italian justice of the people that once stood by him. Alfieris opening speech gives us a brief insight into the ways of this Italian community. He describes how people are still very Italian, keeping to superstitions when he says, I often think that behind that superstitious little nod of theirs lie three thousand years of distrust; this also shows how long they can hold a grudge, being very honourable. He also mentions how people are more than willing to take the law into their own hands, due to honour and vengeance when he states, Oh, there were many here who where justly shot by unjust men. Justice is very important here. This shows that people are just like babies, if they dont get what the want they get upset and go and shoot someone and how happy they are to take the law into their own hands. Later we also learn how close the community is and how they all know each other and each others business. He also gives a little hint of a long, drawn out event that is very bad and will probably end in pain when he says, another lawyer, quite differently dressed, heard the same complaint and sat there as powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course. This is referring to Eddies deterioration of character The first, real explanation of the severity of Italian loyalty is learnt in the Carbone household at the beginning of Act One. The family is at the dinner table discussing the arrival of the illegal immigrants; this is significant because one of the most serious acts of betrayal is telling immigration about hidden illegal immigrants. Eddie stresses the seriousness of not telling anyone because of the chance of being caught, as stated earlier, everyone knows everyones business. This is shown when Eddie states; if you said it you knew it, if you didnt say it you didnt know it. Eddie also recalls a story of a boy who snitched about his hidden uncle, his own family turned on him, they spat on him in the street, which means they no longer have any respect for him and is not considered part of the family or community. This shows the severity of the communitys own justice system, and how betrayal and dishonouring is one of the worst crimes in their eyes. This story is ironic as Eddie does exactly the same thing, but with worse consequences, therefore making him a hypocrite. Eddie clearly obeys these laws of the community for now. The whole reason he is taking in these immigrants is out of loyalty. He tells Catherine, just remember, kid, you can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word you gave away. This shows the Italians strong grudge again. As an audience, by now have taken in the seriousness of Italian values and the responsibilities that come with them. Marco introduces a new aspect of Italian loyalty through his character, the way he acts and communicates with different characters differently. He is obviously polite to Eddie and has great respect for him for taking him and his brother in, taking the blankets from my bed as it is put by Eddie later. There isnt much contact between Marco and Beatrice and Catherine, but he obviously loves his brother. Marco loves his family so much that the whole reason he has come to America, the land of opportunities to earn money for his extremely poor family, this shows the importance of family. Marco is extremely grateful and doesnt want to offend Eddie, he even tells his brother to be quiet quite harshly so as not to offend him, there is a profound show of loyalty throughout this scene, Eddie has taken in these two strangers at great risk without question or want of reward purely out of loyalty to Beatrice and her family. At the end of Act One we see the growing tension caused by Catherine and Rodolphos relationship boil over slightly. Eddie has become hostile out of jealousy and openly questions Rodolphos sexuality, Eddie has given the hint to the audience that he will be responsible, or at least partly for the catastrophic end of the play. Marco acts cool and doesnt notice (or ignores) the tension until the boxing incident which everyone thinks went a bit far, but the tension is lowered but coffee and conversation, yet, out of loyalty to his brother, Marco still feels the need to subliminally challenge Eddie with the chair incident, giving a warning that he has the power to stop Eddie should this go any further and that if it comes to choosing sides he will defend his brothers honour. Here stage direction representing this; Marco is face to face with Eddie, a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw, his neck stiff, the chair raised like a weapon over Eddies head and he transforms what might appear like a glance of warning into a smile of triumph, and Eddies grin vanishes as he absorbs this look. At the beginning of Act Two Eddie acts out his feelings towards Catherine and Rodolpho in a drunken rage, the audience can make their own judgements upon this but most will loose a lot of respect for Eddie, as do the characters. Eddie still denies his feelings and acts and his reasons for them but no one is convinced and this incriminates him further. Marco still doesnt do anything about this, possibly because he believes it was the alcohol. We have now seen the change Eddie has gone through, all his morals and values which he upheld at the start of the play have all but deteriorated, and worse, he doesnt realise or care, all he thinks about is himself and how to get himself out of situations. All he wants is his respect and dignity, which everyone agrees he doesnt deserve. Alfieri shows great sense of loyalty as he is a man of the law but still believes that Eddie shouldnt turn them in because of trust, loyalty and the unwritten code. Despite Alfieris harsh warnings (which are very accurate) Eddie ignores him and does what he thinks is best and commits one of the ultimate acts of betrayal, the audience now reflects on how serious Eddie was with Catherine about secrecy and wonder how this change of face took place. Alfieris warnings were not unlike Eddies story about the young boy at the start, Alfieri says; even those who understand you will turn against you, even the ones who feel the same will despise you! Alfieri somehow understands Eddies feelings and situation very well. In the final scene, Eddie has committed the betrayal and everyone reacts how the audience would expect, everyone loathes Eddie and has turned their backs on him, yet Eddie feels some remorse as immigration knocks at the door. This is all to much for Marco, and because this would result in sending him home he will not be able to provide for his family and in theory Eddie has killed his family, Marco spits on Eddie in the street, this shows that Eddie has committed a horrible act against the community. Catherine now hates Eddie, understandably, she even says; Hes a rat! this must affect Eddie greatly because he did it so he could be closer to her. What is very odd is that Beatrice is still loyal to Eddie, as she will not go to the wedding under his command, this doesnt necessarily mean she still loves him but is possibly still upholding her wedding vows and the loyalty of being a wife. Marco however wants blood, he is eager to reclaim justice and take the law into his own hands as Alfieri described at the beginning. This, coupled with Eddies demand for respect inevitably leads to the confrontation, neither have anything to loose and through Eddies death his soul is purified and justice is done in the eyes of the community. Alfieris closing speech describes how no one wants what they cant have without risk, unlike Eddie and everyone is better off this way. This play has tested the extremes of Italian loyalty and how important it is otherwise you simply dont fit in, also how severe the punishments are. Through Eddie the community and the audience become more aware of these things and are reminded why they live by their rules.

Argumentative Essay About Euthanasia

Interested authors claim that some form of euthanasia, rather, passively involuntarily, rarely, indirect euthanasia is morally permitted. However, due to language limitations, we must point out that more important ideas are lack of experience around euthanasia so that we can reflect the authors of my course and my new reading experience not. In addition to this, it should be noted that euthanasia can not be evaluated alone. Why, to learn more urban life persuasive essay export Click to add about better life of the country: the debate about euthanasia, they need to choose life, but I am euthanasia I thought that there are legal and ethical problems. Here this lyrical and active summer tour Aziz sash, this song is their best pumpkin Robert Pattinson is the occurrence of the dispute with the college student, New York City college student, his father, Neil Patrick  · Harris Number is a terrible way to start a fantastic summary of this year's Academy Awards. About Light Macbeth Blood Im age Articles Nursing Student Homework Sub Article Notes Getter Toronto's Articles Children's stables about editor's homework. What is the writing of a critical analysis of poetry when dealing with a paper, and what is the paper on feminist 's English literature? In my article price JFM article, no one but I pursue health as well as their dreams, the relationship is more important in life Abstract: This article provides background information on the background of Belgian euthanasia. It will proceed by discussing Belgian laws on euthanasia, laws, their interpretation and concerns concerning implementation. Finally, major developments and controversies since the entry into force were discussed. In order to prevent the potential exploitation of vulnerable patients, Belgium made recommendations on how to improve the practices of euthanasia laws and regulations, reflecting the research, encouraging members of Belgium and medical institutions to do so

Lessons learned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lessons learned - Essay Example a colonel of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders as well as a deputy lieutenant of Argyllshire county and colonel of militia in the same area in his retirement. As a nurse trained to Florence Nightingale’s ideals that require commitment and service oriented attitudes in nurses, she did not like the idea of young women joining nursing without the much required dedication to it as their predecessors. According to her, a nurse only has one main function, to serve others. This attitude therefore came to be fully incorporated into the nursing profession (Andrist, Nicholas, & Wolf, 2005). However, her greatest achievement came in when she brought up the idea of having nurses registered for them to carryout their practice properly. Her main aim in this was to enhance protection of the public as well as the profession from unqualified people that may carryout their mal-practice on innocent people. Later on in 1901, she helped Dr, McGregor in grafting the Nurse’s Registration Act that was finally passed in parliament and it was first one of its kind. In this bill, nurses were expected to have three years training program, a state or national examination, and a state or national register (The Porirua Hospital Museum, n.d). After this establishment, it was felt that something should also be done for the case of midwives. There was also supposed to be some form of training for the midwives in New Zealand. It occurred that there were no schools to train them, she had to push for another bill to go through parliament for the establishment of such a school. This was a more challenging bill as it was put to her to come up with a curriculum for the midwifery training as well as establish state maternity hospitals that were to be used for the training. In this, she only had the goal of ensuring that there were hospitals for women, doctored by women, and managed by women. Later on in 1904, Richard Seddon introduced the Midwives Registration Act in parliament which was

Myths are pseudoscience theories that are false claims Essay

Myths are pseudoscience theories that are false claims - Essay Example Dryden, & Still continue to argue that pseudoscience is much more characterized by use of sources in the wrong way, inadequate application of logic as well as observations (151). In this case, therefore, the explanations made are neither valid nor scientific, since the conclusions made are out of assumptions as opposed to science Popper (3). Allhoff argues that science and facts must rely on facts (4). In relation to the myths, one would, in this case argue that myths are false claims from the fact that the sources that these myths are based on are not credible, but are simply based on hearsays of the authors. For instance, one cannot prove that all children born on Fridays are lucky since there are many children who are very unlucky. Myths can also be disguised as fallacial since they are simply based on observations that are not experimented. Lakatos, Feyerabend & Motterlini (30) and Lakatos (21) indicate that scientific experiments are scientific must have tested hypotheses, and results that can be proven and tested. For instance, can we prove that all skinny persons are unhealthy as the assumption goes? It is, therefore, validated to argue that myths, at most times do not have logical and sound arguments. With false conclusions made, it is obvious that a lot of errors were made while making inferences. Validity and sound arguments, according to Allhoff, Alspector-Kelly & McGrew are an aspect of scientific method (515). In the work of Lakatos, astrology can be described as pseudoscience form the fact that it is not consistent as science facts should be (26). As a myth, astrology is untrue. Just like the ancestors believed in myths, they did not focus on evidence just like in the case of astrology. Lack of verifiable principles disqualifies these myths. Astrology according to Lakatos cannot be falsified since the entire concept does not rely on repeatable tests (26). With astrological claims being stated negatively, the results would,

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Earnings Misstatements Research Paper

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Earnings Misstatements - Research Paper Example The Fraud This section describes the business activities of Fannie and Freddie before the fraud occurred. Since the 1990s, lenders have been increasingly using automated underwriting systems (AUSs), a technology that changed the mortgage industry (DiVenti, 2009, p.236). These systems executed underwriting criteria and statistical algorithms to foresee the default likelihood of loan applications (DiVenti, 2009, p.236). GSEs became industry leaders in the growth and adoption of these systems, which they used to appraise their loan purchases. Fannie Mae’s system, Desktop Underwriter, and Freddie Mac’s system, Loan Prospector, significantly decreased the expenses and time linked with loan approvals (DiVenti, 2009, p.236). In 2000, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac broadened their procurements to comprise â€Å"Alt-A,† A-minus, and subprime mortgages, aside from private-label mortgage securities (Blackburn & Vermilyea, 2010, p.5). In order to expand their mortgage purchases, Fannie Mae used the Expanded Approval system and Freddie Mac enlarged its Loan Prospector system to contain risk-based pricing (DiVenti, 2009, p.236). ... ly, Fannie and Freddie bought, packaged, securitized, and re-traded residential mortgages into mortgage-backed securities, with an assurance that the principal and interest payments would be paid to investors, thus, making a profit from the disparity between the sales price of the mortgage-backed securities and their first cost of funding (Bonander, 2013, p.843). Since 2004, Fannie and Freddie abandoned their stern underwriting standards and started to purchase and guarantee subprime mortgages, while also investing in subprime-mortgage-backed securities (Bonander, 2013, p.844). They bought more than $434 billion of subprime mortgages from 2004 to 2006 (Bonander, 2013, p.844). Their greatest purchase occurred from 2004 to 2005, when altogether they bought â€Å"$175 billion (44% of the market) and $169 billion (33% of the market) of subprime-mortgage-backed securities, respectively† (Bonander, 2013, p.844). In 2006, lax standards and actions affected Fannie and Freddie, when th e housing bubble burst, thereby pushing them to insolvency (Bonander, 2013, p.844). The problems of Fannie and Freddie are not over yet though. In 2003, Freddie revealed that it used unacceptable accounting practices to inflate its earnings. The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise (OFHEO), its regulator during this time, discovered that the company had â€Å"misstated earnings by $5 billion between 2000 and 2003† (DiVenti, 2009, p.237). Freddie underreported its earnings, however, which is the â€Å"interesting† part of the fraud (DiVenti, 2009, p.237). The OFHEO investigated Fannie Mae too, where it learned in 2004 that Fannie overstated earnings â€Å"between 2000 and 2003 by $6.3 billion† (DiVenti, 2009, p.237). OFHEO discovered significant accounting, disclosure, and management concerns that

The war on drugs - argumentative research paper

The war on drugs - argumentative - Research Paper Example Drug wars seek to alleviate the problem, and offer a lasting solution towards drug users through elimination of the sources of drugs throughout the globe. Drug use was prominent in years prior to institution of measures that were assumed to regulate utilization of drugs among the American populace. In earlier years, drugs found numerous applications in production of foods and drinks around America. For instance, Coca-Cola utilized cocaine in drink manufacture until some period in 1903, while opium was utilized for infants with colic and was considered an OTC drug (Toll 427). The other drug that was utilized during this epoch was heroin and found greater appliance as cough depressant. Although people developed dependence on these drugs, alcohol remained the biggest setback yet it has not been contemplated as harmful with respect to other drugs. Various legislative acts were utilized in phasing off drug exploitation within the society, thus indicating commencement of war on drugs. The period when drugs were never regulated showed little discrepancies with regard to utilization of drugs, despite the actuality that drugs are currently regulated. Restrictions on drug use never commenced until the closing stages of 19th century, which led to prologue of various enactment at all levels of government. However, drug trade got these restrictions on racial grounds, since certain races were involved in drug trades around America. The preliminary enactment transpired in 1906, which aimed at directing the cataloging of medications and at the same time, prevent production or delivery of adulterated commodities in trade among states (Toll 427). The enactments progressed throughout the years, since the initial enactment leading to the current struggles towards the alleviation of drug utilization within the societal context. Prologue of Harrison Act served to prohibit drug sales to

Business Strategy Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business Strategy Report - Essay Example rategic analysis is performed with the help of SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, financial ratios analysis, and also with the porter’s five forces of Competitive Advantage. The industry of the company is Shipping Industry, where it has a number of competitors, but the major competitor is UPS. The FedEx has weak financial position with respect to the UPS, and also it has much threats from its competitors, due to higher bargaining power of the buyers. The analysis shows a number of opportunities in other world’s market. The major threats are from competitors due to its higher prices and higher fixed costs. But it has invested much in capital, which has become the source of competitive advantage. According to the Porter’s generic strategies, the existing strategy of the company is differentiation, and BCG Matrix suggests that the FedEx Express and Ground are the stars for the company, where the Express will soon be the cash cow. After analyzing the existing strategies , a number of strategic options are proposed, evaluated and ranked. Then a combination of three strategic options is recommended, i.e. cost reduction, market development and bundling pricing strategies. These are recommended to lower the costs, increase revenues, higher ROCE, and also to compete with the rivals by lowering the prices and enhancing market share. The strategy implementation issues and risks associated with these strategies are also identified, such as disapproval from top management, labor union pressures, and business disruption. The Gantt chart is presented with every activity defining and the risk management strategies in implementation are also suggested for FedEx. With increasing competition and dynamic business environment, it has become quite challenging for the organizations to survive in this new environment. In such situation, the companies are using strategic management tools for analyzing their environment and competitive position in the market, so that they can develop and

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Earnings Misstatements Research Paper

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Earnings Misstatements - Research Paper Example The Fraud This section describes the business activities of Fannie and Freddie before the fraud occurred. Since the 1990s, lenders have been increasingly using automated underwriting systems (AUSs), a technology that changed the mortgage industry (DiVenti, 2009, p.236). These systems executed underwriting criteria and statistical algorithms to foresee the default likelihood of loan applications (DiVenti, 2009, p.236). GSEs became industry leaders in the growth and adoption of these systems, which they used to appraise their loan purchases. Fannie Mae’s system, Desktop Underwriter, and Freddie Mac’s system, Loan Prospector, significantly decreased the expenses and time linked with loan approvals (DiVenti, 2009, p.236). In 2000, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac broadened their procurements to comprise â€Å"Alt-A,† A-minus, and subprime mortgages, aside from private-label mortgage securities (Blackburn & Vermilyea, 2010, p.5). In order to expand their mortgage purchases, Fannie Mae used the Expanded Approval system and Freddie Mac enlarged its Loan Prospector system to contain risk-based pricing (DiVenti, 2009, p.236). ... ly, Fannie and Freddie bought, packaged, securitized, and re-traded residential mortgages into mortgage-backed securities, with an assurance that the principal and interest payments would be paid to investors, thus, making a profit from the disparity between the sales price of the mortgage-backed securities and their first cost of funding (Bonander, 2013, p.843). Since 2004, Fannie and Freddie abandoned their stern underwriting standards and started to purchase and guarantee subprime mortgages, while also investing in subprime-mortgage-backed securities (Bonander, 2013, p.844). They bought more than $434 billion of subprime mortgages from 2004 to 2006 (Bonander, 2013, p.844). Their greatest purchase occurred from 2004 to 2005, when altogether they bought â€Å"$175 billion (44% of the market) and $169 billion (33% of the market) of subprime-mortgage-backed securities, respectively† (Bonander, 2013, p.844). In 2006, lax standards and actions affected Fannie and Freddie, when th e housing bubble burst, thereby pushing them to insolvency (Bonander, 2013, p.844). The problems of Fannie and Freddie are not over yet though. In 2003, Freddie revealed that it used unacceptable accounting practices to inflate its earnings. The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise (OFHEO), its regulator during this time, discovered that the company had â€Å"misstated earnings by $5 billion between 2000 and 2003† (DiVenti, 2009, p.237). Freddie underreported its earnings, however, which is the â€Å"interesting† part of the fraud (DiVenti, 2009, p.237). The OFHEO investigated Fannie Mae too, where it learned in 2004 that Fannie overstated earnings â€Å"between 2000 and 2003 by $6.3 billion† (DiVenti, 2009, p.237). OFHEO discovered significant accounting, disclosure, and management concerns that

Business Strategy Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business Strategy Report - Essay Example rategic analysis is performed with the help of SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, financial ratios analysis, and also with the porter’s five forces of Competitive Advantage. The industry of the company is Shipping Industry, where it has a number of competitors, but the major competitor is UPS. The FedEx has weak financial position with respect to the UPS, and also it has much threats from its competitors, due to higher bargaining power of the buyers. The analysis shows a number of opportunities in other world’s market. The major threats are from competitors due to its higher prices and higher fixed costs. But it has invested much in capital, which has become the source of competitive advantage. According to the Porter’s generic strategies, the existing strategy of the company is differentiation, and BCG Matrix suggests that the FedEx Express and Ground are the stars for the company, where the Express will soon be the cash cow. After analyzing the existing strategies , a number of strategic options are proposed, evaluated and ranked. Then a combination of three strategic options is recommended, i.e. cost reduction, market development and bundling pricing strategies. These are recommended to lower the costs, increase revenues, higher ROCE, and also to compete with the rivals by lowering the prices and enhancing market share. The strategy implementation issues and risks associated with these strategies are also identified, such as disapproval from top management, labor union pressures, and business disruption. The Gantt chart is presented with every activity defining and the risk management strategies in implementation are also suggested for FedEx. With increasing competition and dynamic business environment, it has become quite challenging for the organizations to survive in this new environment. In such situation, the companies are using strategic management tools for analyzing their environment and competitive position in the market, so that they can develop and

Sample Paper for Propositional Arguments Essay Example for Free

Sample Paper for Propositional Arguments Essay In this paper, I will analyze the following argument in terms of validity and soundness: An argument is a syllogism only if it is valid. An argument has a true conclusion, if it is valid. If an argument has consistent premises, then it has a true conclusion. Thus, if an argument is a syllogism, then it has a true conclusion. As we shall soon learn, this argument is valid but unsound. I begin my analysis by providing a dictionary and putting the argument in standard logical form. Here is my dictionary. Let ‘S’ stand for ‘an argument is a syllogism’ Let ‘V’ stand for ‘an argument is valid’ Let ‘C’ stand for ‘an argument has a true conclusion’ Let ‘P’ stand for the premises are consistent’ Here is the argument in standard logical form. S→V P→C V→C S→C This argument is valid. My proof for validity can be found in my appendix at the end of the paper. [And no, I am not going to provide an appendix for a sample paper]. Now that we know that the argument is valid, let us examine each statement in the argument. The first premise is S→V. This states that if an argument is a syllogism, then it is valid. This is false. An argument could be a syllogism yet be invalid. A syllogism is an argument that has two premises and a conclusion; but such an argument can be valid or invalid. Some poodles are dogs Some elephants are not dogs No elephants are poodles This argument is a syllogism yet it still has an invalid form. [No, you don’t have to prove the form is invalid; but you better be correct] The second premise is P→C. This states that if the premises are consistent, then the argument has a true conclusion. This premise is false. If the premises are consistent, then there is an interpretation where they are all true. But we know nothing about the conclusion. P1 P2 P3 C : : : : T T T F ; ; ; ; In this truth table, we see that our premise are consistent. There is an interpretation where all three are true. But in this interpretation, the conclusion is false. So, the argument is actually invalid. ( This is a relatively abstract truth table. You could also use a concrete example such as this: AvB A . B This argument has consistent premises but it is invalid. You will want to present both the argument and a truth table. Don’t make the reader guess what are the premises and conclusion from the table itself. Present the argument) The third premise is V→C. This states that if an argument is valid, then it has a true conclusion. This is false. A valid argument can have a false conclusion. All dogs are cats Some mice are dogs Some mice are cats As we can see from this example, a valid argument can have a false conclusion but only it if also has false premises. Finally, let us examine the conclusion: S→C. This states that if an argument is a syllogism, then it has a true conclusion. This also is false. A syllogism can have either a true or false conclusion. Here is an example of a syllogism with a false conclusion. Some mice are cats Some mammals are mice No mammals are cats A sound argument has both a valid form and true premises. While our argument had the valid form, it also had false premises. Thus, our argument is valid but unsound.

Comparison of Oral and Written Presentation

Comparison of Oral and Written Presentation RADHIKA SETHI Question Mention two different situations (imaginary) when oral presentations would be more effective than written presentations, reasoning why. Explain different principles for making successful oral business presentations. Answer Presentations mean speaking before public on some formal occasion. It is also known as public speaking. Presentation is done before a select audience. A presentation means â€Å"a formal or set piece occasion with two usual hallmarks- the use of audio visual aids and team work†. In oral presentation an individual is pitted against a group. Therefore careful preparation is necessary for ensuring success in presentation. Need for oral presentation Presenting a new business plan Launching a new product/ service Making a sales proposal Starting a training course Conference Negotiating a business deal Situations where oral presentation is more effective than written presentations 1. Rey company ltd launched its new microwave in a mall. They give an oral presentation to launch its product. They launched their product in front of a large audience gathered at the mall. They used a/v’s to demonstrate the features and usage of the microwave. A lucky draw was conducted to attract the public. People were asked to give direct feedback about the product. The speaker effectively communicated with the audience leading to an advance order of 500 microwaves. 2. A politician in its rally gave an oral presentation to persuade people to elect him. In his presentation he included lots of information from the history what his party did for the general public. Usage of bar graphs and pie charts to provide adequate data to the public. It helped him in presenting the right image for diverse audience. The complex and heterogeneous audience was motivated by his presentation. In both the situations oral presentation is more effective then written presentation because of the following reasons: Oral presentation is flexible where as written presentation is inflexible. A speaker can modify his presentation according to the needs of his audience. It is easier for a speaker to check whether the instruction is clear to the audience or not. One can personally contact his audience which is not possible in written presentation. It is easy to gain attention of the audience in oral presentation where as written presentation may sound boring. For a large number of audiences gathered at one place oral presentation plays a better role. Direct feedback is taken in oral presentations. Principles for Making Successful Oral Business Presentations 1. Purpose of presentation It is useful to make sure of the purpose of the presentation. A presentation usually has one of four basic purposes: (i) to inform, (ii) to persuade, (iii) to encourage, (iv) to entertain. The purposes are not mutually exclusive; a persuasive presentation informs, and surely benefits by entertaining. But the speaker should decide hand, what is to be the main purpose of his presentation, so that the presentation can be properly composed. 2. Audience Research Every communication must be in a form and style which suits the audience. The tone and the matter of the presentation depend on the nature of the audience. Analysing the audience, age group is an important factor. Different age groups respond differently to presentations. Children love to listen to stories and appreciate dramatic presentations Emotions of joy and sorrow can be aroused through stories; ideas have to be built up from familiar surroundings. High school children like to be treated as adults; they can appreciate sincerity and are not very critical. Visual aids are effective. College student (teenaged) audiences are responsive to new ideas; they appreciate an honest, straight forward approach and can be of interests and a progressive attitude; they like new projects. Young adults are the most sophisticated audience, having wide range ideas but are also very critical. Middle-aged audiences are conservative and do not like new ideas; they have more knowledge and experience of life, but they are not enthusiastic about changes or new ides; they listen with interest but do not easily accept. Most old people have no interest in changes at all; they like to be reminded of the good old days, but they are interested in information about what is going on in the world. Besides age, there are other factors which the speaker must know about his audience. Socio-cultural, educational and economic background obviously affect what the audience will understand and accept. Educated people of any age-group are naturally more critical; rich people do not favour social changes, while the poor are interested in change. All the above mentioned factors determine how a speaker should plan oil and do the necessary exercise in collecting, arranging and shaping the material for his or her presentation. He or she should remember what his or her audience expects from him. Effective speaking depends upon the speakers grabbing at sustaining the interest of the audience. He or she should know how to organise his or her matter that the concentration required for understanding a comprehending a specific component of the presentation is put in by the audience. The language component that the speaker makes use of to encode his message thoughts, ideas and views must match the choice, taste, interpretative and analytical acumen of the listeners. The speaker should know that any matter not following these conditions if put across his or her audience will result in the lack trust of the audience †¢ the speaker followed by a lack of concentration and of interest effecting noise and unrest. A speaker remains consc ious of these factors and accordingly prepares his or her material for presentation. 3. Preparation of the Text of the Presentation In the preparation of the subject matter for the presentation the very primary concern of the presentation is the determination of the objectives of the presentation. What as speakers do we want to do? Do we want to persuade the listeners to believe in us or to do what we want? Do we want to teach them what we presume to be taught to them? Do we want to stimulate their thinking by raising issues that require their pondering? Do we want to inform them which we think they should know? Finally, do we want to entertain our audience like a comedian creating humorous elements in our presentation? These are all general objectives of our presentation. However, the text of the presentation itself determines its specific objectives. After preparing the text for the presentation we should check whether it meets the pre-determined objectives or not. A presentation will turn out to be ineffective unless we pay attention to its texture and structure. A presentation should be able to catch the attention of the listeners. This can be done by telling them what they should expect to listen from the speaker. The speaker should start his presentation by giving the plan of his presentation, so that the listeners can follow the sequence. To attract the attention of the listener, a speaker could begin with questions like: Do you know how many people live below the poverty line? Did you read todays newspaper? 4. Structuring the Subject Matter A presentation has three fundamental parts; the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. This kind of structuring of the text of the presentation helps the speaker ways: Establishing the relationships among ideas. Developing the complete argument. Lightening the text as per the time constraint. Providing the audience a grip on the subject matter. Emphasizing the significant ideas of the theme. Stimulating the audience to learn what he or she thinks. Registering the important concepts with the audience. For a forty-five minute presentation a speaker should keep the number of main points to five to six points. After the decision regarding the audience, objectives and the collection of the ideas, the structuring of the text depends upon the time constraint. For providing a clear picture to the audience about the subject matter the speaker has to limit the number of main points to five or six points. Before going to the introduction of the text of the presentation or an oral presentation, we should concentrate on the main body of the text. In fact the composition of the main body determines the nature of introduction as well as the conclusion. 5. Language and Style The style of oral communication is different from the style of written communication, in any language. This difference must be kept in mind while drafting a presentation; the style of a presentation must be as simple and direct as the style of conversation. Words used in common everyday talk are the best for use in a presentation. Besides, the following tips should be considered by the speaker: Some words which are quite suitable for written communication must be avoided in oral communication: French and Latin words and phrases like raison detre, sine qua non, inter alia are likely to cause misunderstanding. Many people mispronounce these phrases, and even if the speaker pronounces them correctly, most people are not sure of their meanings. Technical terms which are understood only by people who belong to particular professions should be avoided. If they are absolutely necessary they should be explained. Words which are likely to give offence to members of the audience should not be used. It must be remembered that a public presentation has an audience beyond the people who are present; the presentation may be reported in the press and may be printed in full in the house magazine. if the speaker uses words like widows, blind, agitators, lame, old maids, or socially unpleasant words, some sections of the audience may feel hurl or displeased. Repeating phrases like as you know, you see, you know, can be irrital Also using the same adjective too many times becomes boring to listen Such mannerisms of presentation must be rigorously avoided. 6. Environment for Speaking while Making Presentation For effective speaking the venue or the place of delivering the presentation plays a very important role. The speaker must be aware of the size of the room he or she has to deliver the presentation for an oral presentation. Sometimes the rooms are large and echoing. Speaking in such rooms requires less resonating sound. The voice should be a little muffled following the lower notes. However, it5Poity have the required power. For the acoustically treated rooms the resonance of the voice in an oral presentation has an absolutely different kind of impression on the audience. The speaker should also check his or her voice in the rooms; find it out on his or her own, whether it reaches the last listener sitting at the back row. He or she should also find out how the delivery of the †¢voice is. Has he or she practised with the microphone? The room should be well-ventilated and well-illuminated. There should not be any distractions to both the speaker and the listeners. The distraction s like noise and any other interruptions should not be entertained. The seating layout also determines the voice flow, voice reverberation. Every seating arrangement has its merits and demerits. There are various seating arrangements available. When the audience sits in rows like that in a theatre, there is difficulty in eye contact between the speaker and the listener. The environment is very formal. The horseshoe pattern of seating arrangement is more informal and it helps in increasing participation. The curved rows too hinder proper eye contact. People sitting around tables make it very informal unless the audience is divided into groups for formal intercourse. 7. Timing for the Oral Presentation The efficient speaker arranges the text of his presentation in such a way that till the end of the presentation the listeners do not get restless. Also the time of day affects the audience. The afternoon hours hardly make any listener interested to listen to a presentation. But yet an efficient speaker may try to make that session interesting. For keeping to time an efficient speaker takes care of the concentration problem that the audience has with regard to time. Initially the concentration level is not much. After time duration it reaches its peak, and then it starts falling. The end of the presentation again increases the concentration level. However, the span of moderate concentration level may be attained by various concentration enhancing practices. Similarly, the speaker also has a specific time duration when he or she is in his or her sound physical and mental state. 8. Preparing Notes for the Presentation For the presentation in an oral presentation if the speaker writes out the complete presentation and learns it by heart when exact presentation is delivered it sounds stilted. In fact an efficient speaker though prepares the whole text of the presentation; he or she never learns it by heart. He or she reduces it to short notes and puts them on cards. These short notes are nothing but key words. Cards do not shake even if the speaker is nervous. The speaker does not require the papa weight to keep his or her papers as he or she can hold the cards very easily. The cards should be prepared by the speaker in his or her own handwriting as during a presentation or in an oral presentation if the speaker is not able to understand key item because of its illegibility, the complete oral presentation may be ruined. In the cards he or she should write the expected time duration that he or she may require while dealing with that specific point. He or she should clip the cards together by numberin g them. On each card he or she may write some messages regarding making eye-contact with the audience, making no mannerisms, slowing down when speaking fast, stressing on key words, modulating the voice etc., so that they remind him at every step and the presentation is delivered successfully. 9. How to Begin a Presentation? There are various ways of beginning presentation; the aim is to catch the attention of the audience. One may start with a question, a startling fact, a prominent statistics. One may begin with an anecdote or story, thus, â€Å"Ladies and Gentlemen, I am reminded of a story†. One may make some personal references, expressing one’s great pleasure in being invited to speak and so on. A well planned introduction motivates and stimulates the listeners. Simultaneously it generates confidence in the speaker. The impact of an impressive introduction is as follows: It grabs the attention of the audience. It establishes rapport with the audience. It earns the trust and belief of the audience in the speaker. The preview of the main body in the introduction removes all anticipation and draws the audience to the presentation. The introduction showing the speakers personalisation of the topic generates a feel in audience about its significance. It creates the first impression of the speaker among his or her audience. A well-knit introduction creates a favourable impression resulting in a greater attention of the audience to the speakers presentation. An effective introduction effects a smooth transition of the audience to the main body of the presentation. The speaker should not start with an apology or with a se speaker doubt. The speaker may choose from the following methods in the introduction to involve the audience in his or her presentation: By relating an incident to grab the attention. By making a statement to arouse the curiosity. By presenting facts to arrest thinking. By giving statistics to startle him or her. By asking questions to make them start pondering over it. By giving a friendly look to make them feel happy and energetic. By making an intriguing or a surprising statement to frighten the audience. By quoting an eminent person to generate interest of the audience in the subject matter. By telling a story to motivate them to think its significance. By paying a compliment to the audience to flatter them to listen to the speaker. 10. How to End an Oral Presentation? The conclusion of the presentation leaves the final impression on the minds of the listeners. A well-conceived conclusion not only signals the end of the presentation bile also reinforces the central idea in the mind of the listeners. A good presentation may lose all its impact if the conclusion is loose. A strong ending leaves the audience brooding and cogitating the presentation they have just heard. The techniques to draw an ending of the presentation are : By giving verbal clues like Let me end by saying, Before I conclude, One last point, In conclusion, To sum up, To conclude, etc. By our manner of delivery decreasing the pitch of the tone to lower notes. By slowing down the articulation of words and phrases. By going back to the story or incident with which the speaker started his or her presentation. By making a summary of the presentation. By quoting an eminent personality. The presentation should not end with the expressions like I think thats all I had to say. In fact the conclusion should make it clear to the audience what they should do next. The conclusion should generate the last thought in the minds of the listeners regarding the issues taken up in the presentation. 11. Question-Answer Session The ending of an effective presentation or an oral presentation depends upon how well the audience has participated in it. For audience participation there should be separate question answer sessions duly planned. The large audience may be divided into groups and separate sessions may be arranged at the end the talk. However, all this should be done keeping in mind the time constraints. The speaker invites questions from the audience. The questions should be expected after the audience is given some time to think. The speaker, after getting the question, should first repeat it and then answer it as concisely as pool but the answer is not known to the speaker, he or she should not make a guess a invite if any of the audience to offer the answer. The speaker should give to all groups to ask questions for clarification. The efficient speaker usually remains prepared with answers to the anticipated questions on his or her talk.

Installation Guide :: essays research papers

1 This product can be set up using an any y curr curren en ent t web br browser owser owser, , i.e e., ., Internet Explorer 6 or Netscape Navigator 6.2.3. DI-524 Air AirPlus Plus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router 5V DC Power Adapter  ©2003 D-Link Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders. Software and specifications subject to change without notice. DI-524. 11142003 Before You Begin 1. If you purchased this router to share your high-speed Internet connection with other computers, you must have either an Ethernet-based Cable or DSL modem with an established Internet account from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). 2. It’s best to use the same computer that is connected to your modem for configuring the DI-524 AirPlus G Wireless Router. The DI-524 acts as a DHCP server and will assign all the necessary IP address information on your network. See Appendix at the end of this Quick Installation Guide or the Manual on the CD-ROM for setting each network adapter to automatically obtain an IP address. Check Your Package Contents DI-524 AirPlus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router CD-ROM (containing Manual and Warranty) Ethernet (CAT5 UTP/Straight Through) Cable Using a power supply with a different voltage rating will damage and void the warranty of this product. If any of the above items are missing, please contact your reseller. TM 2 Connecting The DI-524 Wireless Router To Your Network A. Receptor for Power Adapter. Reset Button Pressing this button restores the Router to its original factory default settings. A. First, connect the power adapter to the receptor at the back panel of the DI-524 and then plug the other end of the power adapter to a wall outlet or power strip. The Power LED lights up indicating proper operation. B. 1. Power off your Cable or DSL modem; devices that do not have a on/off switch and will require you to unplug the power adapter. Now, the DI-524 should be powered on and the Cable / DSL modem should be turned off. Cable / DSL modem (Power Off) – DI-524 (Power On) 2. Connect an Ethernet cable to the Ethernet jack located on the Cable / DSL modem. After the Ethernet cable is securely connected, power on the Cable / DSL modem by turning on the unit or plugging in the power adapter. Cable / DSL modem (Power On) – DI-524 (Power On) 3. Insert the other end of the Ethernet cable to the WAN PORT on the back panel of the DI-524. The WAN LED light will illuminate to indicate proper connection. If the WAN LED is not illuminated, please go back to step B1 and repeat the steps. Installation Guide :: essays research papers 1 This product can be set up using an any y curr curren en ent t web br browser owser owser, , i.e e., ., Internet Explorer 6 or Netscape Navigator 6.2.3. DI-524 Air AirPlus Plus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router 5V DC Power Adapter  ©2003 D-Link Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders. Software and specifications subject to change without notice. DI-524. 11142003 Before You Begin 1. If you purchased this router to share your high-speed Internet connection with other computers, you must have either an Ethernet-based Cable or DSL modem with an established Internet account from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). 2. It’s best to use the same computer that is connected to your modem for configuring the DI-524 AirPlus G Wireless Router. The DI-524 acts as a DHCP server and will assign all the necessary IP address information on your network. See Appendix at the end of this Quick Installation Guide or the Manual on the CD-ROM for setting each network adapter to automatically obtain an IP address. Check Your Package Contents DI-524 AirPlus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router CD-ROM (containing Manual and Warranty) Ethernet (CAT5 UTP/Straight Through) Cable Using a power supply with a different voltage rating will damage and void the warranty of this product. If any of the above items are missing, please contact your reseller. TM 2 Connecting The DI-524 Wireless Router To Your Network A. Receptor for Power Adapter. Reset Button Pressing this button restores the Router to its original factory default settings. A. First, connect the power adapter to the receptor at the back panel of the DI-524 and then plug the other end of the power adapter to a wall outlet or power strip. The Power LED lights up indicating proper operation. B. 1. Power off your Cable or DSL modem; devices that do not have a on/off switch and will require you to unplug the power adapter. Now, the DI-524 should be powered on and the Cable / DSL modem should be turned off. Cable / DSL modem (Power Off) – DI-524 (Power On) 2. Connect an Ethernet cable to the Ethernet jack located on the Cable / DSL modem. After the Ethernet cable is securely connected, power on the Cable / DSL modem by turning on the unit or plugging in the power adapter. Cable / DSL modem (Power On) – DI-524 (Power On) 3. Insert the other end of the Ethernet cable to the WAN PORT on the back panel of the DI-524. The WAN LED light will illuminate to indicate proper connection. If the WAN LED is not illuminated, please go back to step B1 and repeat the steps.

Critique of a Website Essay -- Website Design Analysis Essays Papers

Critique of a Website Web sites are just like magazines, newspapers, brochures, menus, or even directions on how to make nitroglycerin from house-hold goods, in that they all have to be put together in such a manner that whoever is reading or browsing over it will be able to clearly distinguish this from that. In this sense, a critique of any particular web site will have justification, while carefully considering also that this is an altogether new medium of information exchange. Now, all of this talk of togetherness is actually a general reference to basic design principles, such as color coordination, if color is used, text size, font choice/ style, art integration, accessibility, and just plain and simple design of the page. For example, it wouldn't be all that appealing to the eyeball if a page being viewed had all the text jumbled up in a corner, so small your eyes were bleeding by the time you figured out that it wasn't even worth the trouble. Darn. It's important to rememeber, especially these day s, that what you read is as important as how it looks. Have you ever tried reading an interview in a Raygun magazine? Kinda hard, right? Design totally for its own sake is nice, as art that is, and admittedly it looks cool. However, it's two in the morning and you're standing in line at the corner 7-11 trying to pay for your 40 ounce bottle of Kool-Aid, and you happen to see that your favorite MTV Pearl Crap-clone band is on the cover of this hip magazine and you go to read it, but you can't. It's not because to you failed elementary school three times in two years, but because the maestro in charge decided to get fancy with it and thought it'd be cool if he hid the text under a black box or likewise photograph. I like to loo... ...the misifits skull in the background. nice. http://www.lehigh.edu/~pj12/kubrick.html --clockwork orange... at times I wish I had those eye-lid clamps for some of my classes, that and bottle of visine, too. it's a nicely designed page, with lots of information on his films. I forgot he was the one who directed dr. strangelove, a personal classic of mine. http://www.ee.pdx.edu/~caseyh/horror/hellraiser/ --i'm a clive barker fan, so this one was an obvious pick for me. lots of information anybody could ever want to know about the cenobites and the hellraiser mythology. http://nw.demon.co.uk/barkerverse/ --the official clive barker web site... duh. I particularly enjoyed this site because it contained much information on him and plenty of graphics and pictures from his new movie, Lord of Illusions, and others. Besides, it was nicely put together.

Human Digestion Essay

The salivary glands are the first to react in the digestive process, which are usually triggered by either the sight or the smell of food. Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth where the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands help moisten and break down the food within minutes. The food then becomes something called a bolus, which will travel through the pharynx, then through the esophagus, and into the stomach. As the food travels through the pharynx the epiglottis is in place to prevent food from entering the lungs. Once the bolus enters the stomach it is broken down with acid secretions. The food is partially digested within the stomach. The bolus then becomes chyme (a semiliquid food). Chyme usually leaves the stomach during a time frame of 2-6 hours. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and nutrient absorption takes place with the help of secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The small intestine consists of three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Anything that is not absorbed in the small intestine then enters the large intestine travelling through the sphincter. The sphincter prevents any of the remaining food from re-entering the small intestine. The large intestine is made up of two major parts: the colon and the rectum. The colon aids in the absorption of leftover water, vitamins, or minerals. Anything left over after this process is considered waste product (feces) and is then excreted from the body via the anus, which  is attached to the colon. Reference Human Digestion Activity. Retrieved August 21, 2009 from http://corptrain.phoenix.edu/axia/sci241/sci241-digestivetract.html

The Jade Peony

Thesis: one’s personal culture and sense of tradition will always be a strong part of the self, regardless of external factors which can have a profound influence on one’s life. Subtopic 1: one’s value, habits and loyalty to his culture and tradition are not easily changed. Example:â€Å" But we collect for the heart, Kiam-Kim,† Father said. â€Å"We help all the people of China. † I was puzzled. â€Å"Even those who kill other Chinese? † â€Å"Yes,† Father said. â€Å"Of course. † â€Å"But never help the Japanese? † â€Å"Never. †(Page 208) Explanation: This discussion is between Kiam-Kim and his father, which is a Chinese family in Canada for a long time. At that time, there is just a war between China and Japanese, and Kiam-Kim, who is the main character in the novel, is collecting money for the donation of Chinese soldiers. Kiam-Kim thinks this money is for blankets, medical supplies, food for orphans but not for bullets or guns. Because at that time, Kiam-Kim just 9 years old, his child’s mind wants everyone in peace but not in war. But in fact, there are so many wars in China. Not only between Chinese people but also between China and Japan. When he asks his father about what these denotation is for, his father tells him that is for all Chinese people including the people who is fighting with another Chinese people. Because of the hatred of Japan, his father never wants to give anything to Japan. That proves that he will never help his country’s enemy because of his loyalty of China . Subtopic 2: One’s culture can have a profound hold on one’s personality, gravity influencing a course of behavior. Example: â€Å"Teach Jung-sum how to kick and pass the ball,† Father said to me. â€Å"Canada never need soldiers. † â€Å"Need soldiers in China,† Poh-Poh said, slapping the last bandage on my arm. She poured her stinging homemade lotion on one of Jung’s battle wounds. â€Å"Fight the warlords!Fight the Japanese! †(Page 230 ) Explanation: Poh-Poh is an old lady from old China; she used to be in China for such a long time so the impression of China’s culture has a important part in her life. Although she is in Canada, but she still memorizes the Old China and cares about the things happening here. When the war between China and Japan is broken out, she is always worried about the Old China’s situation although there is not any war in Canada, so no soldiers are needed. But Kiam-Kim’s father said â€Å"Canada never needs soldiers†. Poh-Poh thinks about her country, the old China, which needs so many soldiers to attend to the war. So she said â€Å" Need soldiers in China! † because the culture of China has such a influence to her. Subtopic 3: We are all placed in a category and perceived in a certain way become of our background’s culture, and the human aspect of prejudgment will probably never changed. Example: Overnight, the news ran through Chinatown. Perfect Meiying had given herself to a Japanese boy. She had to do something and failed terribly. She had bled to death. Two ambulance arrived, and a crowd gathered to watch them take away the bundled body. Explanation: When the war between China and Japan becomes more and more intensely, every Chinese people including the aboard hate Japan because Japan invade their land and attack their compatriots. But Meiying, who is a wonderful girl in Chinatown, has a boyfriend as a Japanese people. In that time, it is such a terrible thing because the Chinese people believe that people who has communication with Japanese is a traitor. Meiying keeps the secret for such a long time but finally it is exposed so she can not be under this hard pressure and also don't want to Implicate her parents so she decides to kill herself. So at that time, people think all Japanese people are bad and harmful and attribute them into a category which is bad. So whether the people is good or bad, if he is a Japanese, he will be judged into a harmful people.

Advertisement and Vice Product

When is the last time you go to order a burger in fast food shop? And recently have you ever went to a convenient store and purchased a pack of cigarette? Nowadays advertisement of fast food, tobacco and alcohol product are catchy in magazines, newspapers, TV commercials or bus stop stations and it seems these products have become part of our daily lives. Fast food, tobacco and alcohol products are advertised as our â€Å"trusted friends† and fast food, tobacco and alcohol companies are targeting not only adults but also teenagers and children to be their potential customers. What are the possible adverse effects brought by these â€Å"vice† or unhealthy products to us and our young generations? It is a known fact that consuming too much fast food, tobacco and alcohol can link to certain health problems such as obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes, elevated cholesterol intake and related cancers. In fact, it is estimated in 2010 there are 222,520 new cases of lung cancers and the number of deaths from lung cancer is 157,300. Cigarette smoking accounts for at least 30%of cancer death and 87% of lung cancer. Excess consumption of alcohol drinking is the key factor for developing certain cancer and this may increase the risk in having lung cancer. Nevertheless, the issue of consuming too much fast food have drawn the attention of the public too as it contributes the tripled rate of overweight among adolescents and the doubled rate among small children since the 1980s. Despite of such threat to the health of the public by excess consumption of such fast food, tobacco and alcohol products, why is the public still spare their money on purchasing such health-risking product? Rpgger Parloff, â€Å" Is Fast the nest tobacco? For Big Food, the supersizing of America is becoming a big headache, Fortune Magazine, 8/3/2000, page 1 paragraph 1 and 3 ) Perhaps the answer to such question is how much faith we have in these products. It seems we always believe that companies like McDonald, Burger, Heineken or Marlboro are trust-worthy and everything they tell us in their advertisement is true and they claim they are doing their best to serve their customers. But the fact is we are already scammed by these advertisements which are aggressively prompted by companies intentionally abetting us to have confidence in their products. What are the advertisement strategies used by these companies? Fast food companies attract children to purchase fast food by launching advertisement with imaginary characters such as Ronald Donald, including toys in their fast food meal and creating kid clubs or building more playgrounds in their chains. The fast food companies know that children are too young to judge what is right and what is wrong and they are not able to comprehend the purpose of the commercials and believe that everything claimed by the commercials are all true. The Fast food companies are using all their effort to make children develop brand loyalty and recognition to their business so as to encourage children to be their potential customers. Fast food Companies also attract young people to buy fast food by offering soft drinks and snacks in schools or building more chains in school areas in order to encourage students to buys fast food for regular meals. Unfortunately, tobacco and alcohol companies are using even more aggressive strategies to attract future customers. These companies include elements like sexual content to make teenager have ideas that smoking or drinking can make them more mature and there is nothing wrong with enjoying a materialistic life. It is shocking that in most of the tobacco and alcohol commercials there are sexy models in clubs or parties, making exotic posture to make the readers arouse all kinds of fantasy. For example, I remember there is one alcohol advertisement by Bacardi which there is a young woman with underwear in panther’s pattern is striping her clothes off while she is holding a glass of wine. What would young people think about this advertisement? To most of the teenagers there are plenty of things that they are restricted to know about when they are very young. Many young people are very eager or curious to explore new stuff like sex or even smoking and drinking. Tobacco and alcohol companies are now even focusing 18-to-25 year old markets by promoting events at bars and sponsoring rock and blues concerts. Every year alcohol companies spend $5. 7billions on commercials concentrated in sports programs to make their products part of the fun in the matches. Such advertisement strategies by fast food, tobacco and alcohol companies may seem not a big deal to us, however it would be not wise for us to ignore the potential impacts by such products as they are already influencing our life little by little. Too much fast food not only has brought harm to young people’s health but also distorted their universal values by misleading them that everything are granted when their parents promise to buy them fast food after they constantly nag or beg their parents. For cigarette and alcohols, even though these products are for adults only, we should not underestimate the potential harm to teenagers. More and more teenagers may become pro-longed smokers and drinkers and eventually some of them may end up giving up their future by abandoning their study or jobs. In worst case scenario there may result in family dispute and violence. It would be very sad that teenagers choose to have a materialistic life in which he or she immerses themselves in joy-seeking activities like drinking, smoking or even taking drugs only without searching for the real meaning of life. Is there anything we or our government can do to stop fast food, tobacco and alcohol companies from manipulating our lives and protect teenagers from become overweigh victims of obesity or bad habits of smoking and drinking? Our government has the obligation to advocate and carry out certain measures to restrict fast food, tobacco and alcohol companies to promote their unhealthy products to the public. First of all, our government should implement laws that ban direct advertisement of fast food, tobacco and alcohol advertisement to people less than 18 years old through magazine, newspaper, TV programs or commercials and internet. Most children enjoy watching TV everyday and they receive tremendous amount of information from TV channels. Some of these information are educative while some of them are rubbish only. However children are not mature to distinguish what is purpose of such commercials. For example, when children see a commercial promoting McDonald’s burger with Ronald Donald dancing around, he or she may not know that McDonald wants them to ask their parents to pay them 5 dollars for a meal. Instead they may think eating McDonald meal is enjoyable and Ronald Donald is their trusted friend. Indeed big companies don’t really care what kind of consequences will happen on our ulnerable children after they spend so much money on making advertisements and deliver them to the public without taking any responsibility; they only care about how well the advertisements work and promote their products. Hence It is very urgent that our government should advocate and implement certain law to stop such immoral way of advertising by restricting broadcasting of fast food, tobacco and alcohol commercials until it is 10:00 pm when all children are in bed or requiring fast food, tobacco and alcohol companies to make advertisements without mentioning sensitive terms such as â€Å"cigarette†,†beer†,†smoking† or†drinking†. As cigarette and alcohol are proven to be harmful to our health, commercials related to such products should even be banned from magazines or newspaper. If companies violate such laws they have to pay a large amount of fines and people in these companies who are responsible for posing such advertisement may need to go behind bars. However, somebody may argue that such policy is just a seemingly feasible method to stop big companies aggressively advertisement; there are always loop hole for fast food, tobacco and alcohol companies to advertise their products. But does it mean we should not do anything? According to Eric Schlosser’s book â€Å"Fast Food Nation†, â€Å"The academy did not recommend a ban on such advertising because it seemed impractical and would infringe upon advertiser’s freedom of speech. Today the health risks faced by the nation’s children far outweigh the needs of its mass marketers. † Long time ago people didn’t expect much from banning of cigarette advertisement from radio and television, but now everybody knows that smoking is fatal to their health. Hopefully by doing that the fast food companies will consider change their recipe into a healthier one and ultimately help children get rid of their unbalanced eating habits. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation, Harper Perennial, USA, 2005, page 262) Secondly, adding more tax to fast food may be a feasible idea to encourage people to eat less fast food. Also more tax can be added to toys which are included in children meal in fast food shop. Often children are attracted to fast food simply just for the toys but at the end parents are the ones who pay for the meal. If the parents think the fast food is not worthy, they will start buying less fast food. People have the choice to ake decision for themselves and they can judge whether to buy an expensive fast food meal or not when healthy and cheaper food becomes an alternative to them. It would be a wise idea to prohibit fast food companies from offering soft drinks or fried food in schools or opening chains in area where schools are nearby in order help children resist the temptation of tasty burgers and French fries. According to administrators in San Francisco and Seattle, â€Å"it’s our responsibility to make it clear that schools are here to serve children, not commercial interest. And indeed recently, according to a research published in Journal of Law and Economics in November 2008, elimination of tax deductibility of food advertisement cost equals to increas ing the food advertisement cost by 54%. (Science Daily, â€Å"Ban on fast food TV advertisement would reverse childhood obesity trends, study shows, 1/27/11, < http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/11/081119120149. htm > ) Lastly, our government can consider making it mandatory to require cigarette manufacturer put on warnings on cigarette packing to make sure that all smokers know the consequence of pro-longed smoking to their body. Of course it wouldn’t be effective enough to have words of warning printed on the packing, so in order to make the warning more deterrent, certain kind of photos should be printed on the packing as well. What kind of photos would be suitable? In Hong Kong photos of black lungs or skeleton with a burning cigarette in its mouth are printed on the packing of cigarette to remind smokers that smoking is a self-destructive behavior rather than a relief. According to Lori Ferrsina, advocate for the American Cancer Society of Massachusetts, â€Å"Reducing public smoking is a golden nugget in its impact on youth. You are changing the world you raise kid in, not just telling them it’s bad for them. † We shouldn’t exploit other’s freedom of smoking, but at least we should facilitate an environment in which we can help people stay away from trying their first puff of cigarette. ( Marianne Lavelle, â€Å"An Anti-smoking Ad vs. New Cigarette Marketing Ploy†, page 2, paragraph 10 ) In fact our government can resort to a more simple solution – education, to convince our future generations that taking care of their health is their own business. Education is another effective way to teach our young generations to make choices on what they eat. Education on how to maintain a balanced daily live and conveying the idea of understanding good health and nutrition should be included in lessons in school in order to let students know how much nutrition they can obtain from their daily meal and what would happen if they eat more than they need. Also children should acknowledge that excess smoking or drinking can result in higher risk of having heart diseases or cancers. Perhaps young people are not willing to pay attention to the importance of having balanced diets or staying away from smoking and drinking but at least they should be warned and have a brief idea of what would happen when they are addicted to fast food, cigarette or alcohol too much. It is our responsibility to help children realize they can make a choice on their diet before they are too late to make such choices. However, even our government is willing to do their best to protect us by implementing laws and policies, it is still our own business to take care of our health. What can we do to make sure we and our children can have balanced diets or stay away from bad habits of smoking or drinking? Firstly, it would be a good idea for parents to supervise their children when they are watching TV or browsing the internet. Some parents are not aware of what kind of TV programs or internet website their children are watching. This is definitely not good to children because they need adults to tell them what kind of messages they get from the media Is correct. If parents are willing to spare a little every day to accompany their children to watch TV or browse the internet, they can possibly prevent their children from accepting wrong information from the media by telling them the truth about excess consumption of fast food, cigarette and alcohol. In fact, simply telling children that they are too young to have too much fast food or smoke and drink, without explaining why adults shouldn’t do the same, is not convincing enough to persuade children that having too much fast food or smoking and drinking are unhealthy. So parents need to be role model to their children by having more balanced and health diets like sandwiches or fruits and quitting smoking or drinking. If parents can make lunch box for children to eat in school every day, children can obtain sufficient amount of nutrition and prevent them from being overweighed. To conclude, although it is our own choice to have or not to have fast food, cigarette or alcohol, that doesn’t make a reason for big companies to promote their products aggressively without considering their social responsibility. Now it is not the time to judge who is right or wrong, instead we should figure out what we can do for our future generations. Works Cited: Rpgger Parloff, â€Å" Is Fast the nest tobacco? For Big Food, the supersizing of America is becoming a big headache, Fortune Magazine, 8/3/2000, page 1 paragraph 1 and 3 Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation, Harper Perennial, USA, 2005, page 262) Science Daily, â€Å"Ban on fast food TV advertisement would reverse childhood obesity trends, study shows, 1/27/11, < http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/11/081119120149. htm > Marianne Lavelle, â€Å"An Anti-smoking Ad vs. New Cigarette Marketing Ploy†, page 2, paragraph 10